Should Torture be Justified in any Case?

Should Torture be Justified in any Case? Jason Poole Date The word torture comes from a Latin root meaning twisted, and first appeared in Rome in 530 AD. 600 years later, Italian and French courts changed from an accusatory system to a judiciary system, as opposed to the Roman courts, where torture was used to extract information (Green). However, the idea of torture in the courtroom was not rested until the 18th century during the Enlightenment period. Voltaire condemned torture profusely in many of his essays, and from the end of the 18th century into the start of the 19th century, nearly every European country had abolished torture in their statutory law (Green). After the adoption of the Geneva Conventions, torture became condemned completely. Recently, the debate of torture has been reestablished with the controversy of waterboarding, brought forth by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 2004. It was provoked because the definition of torture has allowed interrogators and lawmakers to interpret it in different ways. The set definition is the infliction of intense physical pain to punish, coerce, or afford sadistic pleasure (Torture). As the definition only mentions physical pain, one could assert that psychological pain, as some argue waterboarding is, does not fall under the restrictions on torture. The debate of whether torture can be defended in any situation is reliant upon whether the life of an innocent takes precedent over the physical and psychological state of a criminal. The argument that torture is able to be justified revolves around utilitarianism, or the idea that an action is for the greater good. Only within recent centuries have attitudes changed against the use of torture. According to a poll done by the Washington Post, 82% of conservatives in the United States believe that torture can be justified in most cases involving national security. However, with the addition of Article 3 in the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the social stigma against torture had been solidified. The UNs standards show that torture can never be justified, and that the interrogator who committed the act should be fully prepared to face the consequences of doing so in court. Non-Governmental Organizations such as Amnesty International and the World Organization Against Torture, are strong ad vocates of this viewpoint. Both press for political action against torture. In the United Kingdom, almost 70% are clearly against torture in all cases (Amnesty). Opinions of respected political analysts, as well as studies of each side, will allow the two arguments in regards of torture to be evaluated and assessed suitably. The perception of temporary pain of a criminal over the perpetual death of an innocent is one found in many arguments of this perspective. It is the thought that the criminal, who has or will do much worse, has a way out of the torture being inflicted upon them in the form of giving up of information that the interrogator needs (Spero). Spero claims that, Certainly, pain is not the equivalent of life itself, so that even saving one life takes precedence over the pain of the terrorist. He supports this statement by arguing that a moral person could not stand by under these circumstances, and that most would put the state of their countrymen above that of the terrorist that threatens their lives. Spero asserts that the happenings at Guantanamo Bay are not torture, but coercion. He doesnt defend the uses of interrogation themselves, but rather compares the enhanced interrogation techniques that the United States uses on terrorists to the permanent defacement used in the Muslim world, as well as the point that the purpose behind the former is for information and the latters is sadism (Spero). However, Spero has a paragraph that shows his bias in this controversy, calling American liberals anti-western and anti-American. He also calls those at the New York Times mentally abnormal. This bias, as well as the fact that he holds no qualifications to defend the use of torture serves to detract from his argument that torture can be justified. In his editorial, Charles Krauthammer cites the possibility of jury nullification in cases where torture occurred, which is usually applied when extenuating circumstances the defendant was under cause the jury to return a verdict that contradicts the facts of the case. The idea that there are specific cases in which jury nullification should be called for is supported by Charles Krauthammer, a known defender of the concept of the ticking time bomb. He asserts that there are two cases in which torture can be justified, those being the aforementioned ticking time bomb scenario, and a situation in which there is a near guarantee that many innocents will be killed. The ticking time bomb is a hypothetical thought experiment that involves the ethics of torture. The experiment first appeared in the 1960s, and poses the question if someone with knowledge of an imminent terrorist attack should be tortured into giving up that information (Lartà ©guy). Krauthammer falls on the consequentialist side of the argument, believing that the torture of the person can be justified, especially if innocent lives are at stake. In his opinion editorial in 2009, he states his viewpoint on torture, and attempts to defend it. However, he fails to discern the difference between interrogation and torture, severely discrediting his argument, starting to defend interrogation instead of torture, causing him to fail in proving his point. Krauthammer also calls his second exception to his no-torture rule an example of Catch-22. As the defenders do not know the information they need to be able to stop an act of terrorism from happening, and cant find that out in time, an interrogator should resort to extremities to deal with the terrorist that acts in extremes (Krauthammer). Krauthammers credibility as the previous Chief Resident in Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital and his Masters Degree in Psychology does help his credibility on the subject of torture, and thus his argument as a wh ole. At this time, there is no one arguing for the removal of laws against torture. John McCain, a prisoner of war in the Vietnamese War and a current Senator of Arizona, believes, I dont believe this scenario requires us to write into law an exception to our treaty and moral obligations that would permit cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment. To carve out legal exemptions to this basic principle of human rights risks opening the door to abuse as a matter of course, rather than a standard violated truly in extremis. This is another example of a case where jury nullification would be a viable solution. Rather, there are those that believe that torture is inescapable, though still morally unjust. One such is Bruce Anderson, a British political columnist and an advocate of torture. He wrote an editorial for The Independent in 2010, arguing that Britain has a duty to torture terrorists. Anderson says that men cannot be angels in the case of torture, and explains that, However repugnant we m ay find torture, there are worse horrors, such as the nuclear devastation of central London, killing hundreds of thousands of people and inflicting irreparable damage on mankinds cultural heritage. He defends this statement by painting torture as the lesser of two evils, and claims that Britain is ensuring their own destruction by not gathering the information needed to prevent a terrorist attack. He also asserts that the best way to garner this information is through torture (Anderson). Anderson continues, floundering for an answer from when he was asked about a hypothetical situation by British liberal Sydney Kentridge about what Anderson would do when a hardened terrorist would not divulge the information needed. His answer was, Torture the wife and children. This answer on how he would break a terrorist shows to be hypocritical of his previous statement. This, and also that he has no specific qualifications on this subject severely discredits his argument. The perception that torture does not work as a means of extracting accurate information is an old principle dating back to the 18th century. It is the idea that if one were to torture for information, at some point the person would say anything for the pain to stop. Rupert Stone asserts that torture is at best ineffective to gather information. To support this, he cites Shane OMara, the author of Why Torture Doesnt Work, sayingtorture can produce false information by harming those areas of the brain associated with memory. An experiment conducted by Charles Morgan in 2006 had soldiers undergo stressful, but typical, means of coercion. At the end of the trial, they exhibited a remarkable deterioration in memory (Stone).   One of his interviewees, Glenn Carle, an interrogator with the CIA comments on the subject, Information obtained under duress is suspect and polluted from the start and harder to verify. He speaks about his experience in interrogating terrorists, and how those who were under stress previously before he tried to interrogate them were more likely to give false information. However, he admitted that he was not sure if it was because of memory impairment or to stop the stressful conditions, which has the potential to weaken his argument. Regardless, he asserts that torture can lead to false confessions (Stone). A letter to Frontline PBS from Michael Nowacki, a Staff Sergeant in the U.S. Army also agrees with the idea of false information. He argues that using false information gathered from previous torturees can cause innocent people to be tortured for information they do not know about. As an interrogator, he found that 95% of the people being put under these conditions were innocent, and that most of these cases came from false statements by informants put under torture (Nowacki). The thought that torture can create propaganda for terrorist groups has recently been spurred by the American Air Force Major under the pseudonym Matthew Alexander. He was one of the lead interrogators tasked with finding the location of the Abu Musab al Zarqawi, who was the head of Al-Qaeda at the time. In 2008, he wrote How to Break a Terrorist, which detailed his accounts of how he managed to garner the information needed. He commented on his belief that highly coercive interrogation techniques have not helped the United States in the past, and how interrogating the informant with confidence-building approaches led him to the location of Zarqawi (Alexander). Alexander claims that by stooping to torture, America would be pushing more people to Al Qaeda, thus being counterproductive. He supports this by explaining that the people he had fought against state that the number one reason they had decided to pick up arms and join Al Qaeda was the abuses at Abu Ghraib and the authorized t orture and abuse at Guantà ¡namo Bay. He asserts that the short term gains of torture would be overshadowed by the long term losses (Alexander). He quotes Alberto Mora in his interview, a General Counsel of the U.S. Navy. Mora comments that main causes of U.S. combat deaths in Iraq due to the recruiting insurgent fighters into combat are Abu Ghraib and Guantà ¡namo. This idea is also supported by John Hutson, a retired Rear Admiral in the U.S. Navy, who asserts in a debate about torture run by   that there was a reason the Nazis surrendered to the Americans, the ones they knew would treat them somewhat fairly, versus the Russians, who unashamedly tortured their people for information in World War 2. He also tries to support the argument by also citing the first Iraqi War: In the first Iraq war, tens of thousands of Iraqis surrendered to us because they knew that they would be treated decently. My friends, theyre not surrendering to us anymore (Hutson). There are large amounts of bias here, not only because he is stating his opinion but also that he is trying to convince the audience of the debate the torture is not necessary to gain information. [1] After assessing the arguments for both positions on the controversy of torture, I could only morally agree with the idea that torture is unable to be justified. It is a practice that is hard to condone, as most enhanced interrogation techniques are close or could be considered torture. Henry Porter, attempting to combat the aforementioned Anderson summarizes the idea, It is preposterous for him to suggest that Elizabethan society has anything to tell societies that come after the enlightenment and the birth of the age of universal rights. Its as stupid as citing the Vikings or Visigoths to excuse behaviour in the 21st century. There are many constrictions on interrogation as well as governments in general to prevent the use of torture; the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, the Geneva Conventions,   as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, for example. However, I would like to think myself not naive enough to think that torture will not happen, no matter t he rarity of the cases, as the research of my paper concludes. I maintain the idea that torture is a horrible application, though I have to find myself agreeing with Senator John McCain; that torture should not be a permanent exception to the law, but one violated in extraordinary circumstances, and as Krauthammer said, that a torturer should be fully prepared to face the consequences, no matter the circumstances. However, it is necessary for this topic to be researched much more for the sanctions of under what cases should torture be justified. Overall, the justification of torture is an idea that cannot be applied to all cases. Each detail needs to be thoroughly investigated, and even then, every case has different circumstances that could allow torture to be or prevent torture from being justified. Thus, it is impossible to fully say that torture can or cannot be justified. Works Cited Alexander, Matthew. The American Public has a Right to Know That They Do Not couldillHave to Choose Between Torture and Terror: Six questions for Matthew coulillllAlexander, author of How to Break a Terrorist. Harpers Magazine. 18 December coulillll2008. http://harpers.org/blog/2008/12/the-american-public-has-a-right-to-know-that-they-do-not-have-to-choose-between-torture-and-terror-six-questions-for-matthew-alexander-author-of-_how-to-break-a-terrorist_/ Amnesty poll finds 29% say torture can be justified. British Broadcasting Channel. 13 couldillMay 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27387040 Anderson, Bruce. Bruce Anderson: We not only have a right to use torture. We have a couilllllduty. The Independent. 15 February 2010, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/bruce-anderson/bruce-anderson-we-not-only-have-a-right-to-use-torture-we-have-a-duty-1899555.html Goldman, Adam. New poll finds majority of Americans think torture was justified after couldil9/11 attacks. Washington Post. 16 December 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/new-poll-finds-majority-of-americans-believe-torture-justified-after-911-attacks/2014/12/16/f6ee1208-847c-11e4-9534-f79a23c40e6c_story.html?utm_term=.12533031f512 Green, Camilla. History of Torture. The Justice Campaign, http://thejusticecampaign.org/?page_id=175 Krauthammer, Charles. The Use of Torture and What Nancy Pelosi Knew. Washington couldillPost. 1 May 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/30/AR2009043003108.html Lartà ©guy, Jean. Les Centurions. Penguin Classics, December 1960. **** Nowacki, Michael. Join the Discussion: The Torture Question. Frontline PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/torture/talk/ Spero, Aryeh. Its Not Torture and It Is Necessary. Human Events, 16 January 2007, http://humanevents.com/2007/01/16/its-not-torture-and-it-is-necessary/ Roth, Kenneth. Torture: Does it make us safer? Is it ever OK? Human Rights Watch, couldill2005, http://rockyanderson.org/rockycourses/Torture_History_of_Torture019.pdf Stone, Rupert. Science Shows that Torture Doesnt Work and is Counterproductive. couldillNewsweek. 8 May 2016, http://www.newsweek.com/2016/05/20/science-shows-torture-doesnt-work-456854.html Torture: The Definition of Torture. Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/torture http://jaapl.org/content/37/3/332 Word Count: 2812 2734 2657 2622 2362 2286 This is not to say that interrogators that have used torture for information are allowed to be forgiven automatically. There is a general consensus between both perspectives that the inflictor must go to court and be prepared to be punished for his actions, as torture is still against the law. However, the distinction is found in the idea of jury nullification. It occurs when a jury returns a verdict of Not Guilty despite concrete proof or the accepted belief that the defendant has committed the crime they are on trial for. When applied to torture, jury nullification occurs when the extenuating circumstances that the interrogator was placed under allow the act to be justified, and therein lies the controversy. [1]Maybe combine these two paragraphs? Hutson doesnt matter as much as Alexander, and you could do bias for each of them then

“Flight 063” by Brian Aldiss Essay

The poem Flight 063 by Brian Aldiss compares the business flight 063 to Icarus grand flight. Aldiss shows a different side of Icarus, showing the bright side of him, his flight, rather than about his great fall. While talking about Icarus flight, Aldiss talks about corporate men flying high over the Arctic Circle, without a care in the world about flying up in the sky, having it be a normal part of their lives, unlike Icarus, who only flew once. Aldiss tries to say that one should reflect on the good things in life instead of just the bad and to make the best of life. The diction used to describe Icarus flight and Flight 063 shows the difference in the style of flying that they are using. Why always speak of Icarus fall?(1). Well, everyone always remembers the bad things that happen in life, and the only good things remembered are those that impact the whole world. There is a poster somewhere that says, When I do something good, nobody remembers. When I do something bad, nobody ever forgets. That poster shows how everybody dwells on the bad, but Aldiss is showing that you should remember the good as well. The everyday was lost in his ascent (25-26) shows that when Icarus was flying, everything normal went away during his cliff-top jump, The leap of heart, the blue air scaled his glorious sense of life Imperiled (21-24). Icarus was doing what no other man has done- fly up high into the sky. His glorious flight into the sun left his sense of life gone, just wanting to fly closer to the sun, becoming a beautiful thing. Yet [w]hy always speak of Icarus fall?(1) when his flight was so much more. The allusions used to describe Icarus fall embellish on the fact that it could either be small and insignificant, or large and memorable. For example, that little splash which caught the eye of Brueghel refers to the famous painting, The Fall of Icarus. If you look at it, it looks like a regular scene of ancient Greece, but if you look closely in the bottom right hand corner, there is someone- Icarus- drowning in the water. Brueghel shows that Icarus fall was unimportant to the normal lives of the Greeks. The myth of Icarus is the main allusion in this poem. Aldiss uses the story of Icarus to state a point that before the fall the flight was (14). Before the tragic  fall, there was a great flight of Icarus, which we barely remember in our minds. When we hear Icarus, we think of a man whose wax wings have melted and who has fallen into the sea instead of a man who has accomplished flight, accomplished the discovery of the world in the air, and a man who found out that humans can fly. This is similar to how we think of Adam and Eve. —just before The Edenic Fall, [Adam] had that first taste of Eve (15-17). We think of only that if Adam and Eve hadnt been so foolish as to eat from the Tree of Knowledge that there would be no evil in this world, and that we would be immortal; we dont focus on what was happening before the eating of the fruit. They were in paradise. That just slips our minds sometimes and we only dwell on what happened afterwards. The best things in life are meant to be remembered, and the bad things are there just to remind you that youre human. Aldiss is trying to tell people that the best things of life should be enjoyed, and one should take heed silly limitations as the melting point of wax (28-29). Sources: Flight 063 by Brian Aldiss

2.1 Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur And Enterprise Skills.

2.1 Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur and Enterprise Skills Deï ¬ ning the very essence of entrepreneurship is part of a longstanding theoretical debate (Henry, Hill Leitch, 2005, p. 99). Deï ¬ nitions are particularly important in the field because many of the terms associated with the discipline, such as entrepreneurship, entrepreneur and enterprise, are often used interchangeably. For the purpose of this review, the definition of entrepreneurship is synonymous with Gibb (2007), who describes entrepreneurship as â€Å"sets of behaviours, attributes and skills that allow individuals and groups to create change and innovation, cope with and even enjoy higher levels of uncertainty and complexity† (Gibb, 2007, p. 1). Meanwhile, the term ‘entrepreneur’†¦show more content†¦2.2 Importance of Entrepreneurship Education The importance of the role of EE and enterprise skills is highlighted in both European and global development views (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2015). While a strong emphasis on economic success and job creation has propelled EE at tertiary level, there has not been an integrated approach in the secondary education sector (OECD, 2015). However, development is underway, with international education institutions facing policy pressure to explicitly embed EE in the curriculum (Mwasalwiba, 2012). A crucial reason for teaching entrepreneurial skills to youth is to help prepare them for employment and, in some cases, influence self-employment and choosing entrepreneurship as a career path. However, EE is not about simply creating entrepreneurs and businesses. It is about teaching students enterprise skills, transferable to the real world. Taking part in incubator-style programs teaches students that failure is acceptable; they learn resilience which is key in the competitive 21st Century employment landscape. This is reflected in the following textbook quote: â€Å"Businesses fail, but entrepreneurs do not. Failure is often the fire that tempers the steel of an entrepreneur’s learning and street savvy† (Timmons, 1999, p. 47). Resilience, along with skills such as problem solving and creativity, are highly desired by Australian employers, as demonstrated in recentShow MoreRelatedWomen Entrepreneurs And Social Incubators1879 Words   |  8 Pages CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter literature on women entrepreneurs and social incubators is discussed. It also explains the conceptual framework and conceptual map of the study.. 2.1 Concept of Women Entrepreneur Women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operates a business enterprise is defined as Women Entrepreneurs’. 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The Theme of Hubris in Ancient Greek Mythology and Literature

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Furthermore, the concept of a fine hairline crack could also be

Human Trafficking Is A Crime Under Federal And...

Involuntary servitude is an issue that has been fought around the world for centuries, whether it be slavery in 1800s America or child labor in third world countries, the fight never ends. Our countries and their leaders are constantly increasing the awareness and the strength to fight our biggest human rights issues. Human trafficking is a crime under federal and international law and it is a crime in every single state in the United States. According to The White House, around the globe, an estimated 20 million men, women and children are victims of human trafficking- 1.5 million of these victims reside in North America, European Union, and other developed countries. The United States and other countries around the world are coming together and working to prevent and hopefully stop this issue. Human trafficking is one of the most important and persistent issues of our world today; however, numerous countries, including the United States, are making notable efforts to contain and pr event this problem. Human trafficking is one of the world’s most significant and persistent human rights issues. According to Britannica School, human trafficking is defined by most people as a form of modern day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially. In the UN, they define human trafficking as inducted by force, fraud or coercion of a person to engage in theShow MoreRelatedHuman Exploitation And Exploitation Of The United States, Canada, And Western Europe1702 Words   |  7 Pages Mexico is a Tier 2 source, transit, and destination country. It’s primary forms of trafficking are sexual exploitation and forced labor. Men, women, and children are trafficked, but the most vulnerable populations are indigenous peoples, migrants, mentally and physically disables, and LGBT individuals. Victims are forced into labor in the agriculture, domestic, manufacturing, food processing, construction, begging, and street vending services. Many victims are lured by fraudulent recruiters, possibilityRead MoreModern Day Slavery: Human Trafficking 866 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Borne Connections.) Human trafficking is the modern day slavery, it involves taking control over a person through force, fraud or coercion to exploit the victim for forced labor, sexual exploitation. or both (â€Å"What† par.1). This is become the sad reality for many, approximately three out of every 1,000 people worldwide are being forced into this such slavery. Victims of human trafficking are people of all backgrounds and ages, no one is safe from the dirty hands of human traffickers. Every yearRead MoreSpeech On Human Trafficking911 Words   |  4 Pages What is Human Trafficking? Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery, where human beings are controlled and exploited for profit. Perpetrators use force, fraud, or coercion to manipulate and establish control over individuals. Although human trafficking violates international and national laws, it is a burgeoning criminal industry (Background). Human Trafficking affects women and children and forces them into prostitution or other types of exploitation. Trafficking is very gruesomeRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Modern Form Of Enslavement1267 Words   |  6 PagesInitiatives on Human Trafficking Almost two centuries after the 16th President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a new type of slave trade has taken possession of the lives of many human beings worldwide. Human trafficking is the modern form of enslavement. It includes the purchasing and selling of individuals for forced labor or sexual abuse. This new type of enslavement of human beings is evident all around the world. Additionally, the number of enslaved victims today is surpassingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The New Era Of Slavery947 Words   |  4 PagesTexas Human Trafficking Overview Human trafficking is the new era of slavery! Human trafficking is a horrifying issue happening so close to home and it is increasing by the minute. Many Texas citizens are unaware of human trafficking happening right in their own backyards. Sex trafficking and labor trafficking are to be the most popular types of human trafficking in the United States. In Texas there are many more domestic victims than illegal immigrant victims of Human Trafficking. However, theRead MoreSex Trafficking of Children1277 Words   |  5 PagesThe trafficking of children and women for sexual purposes has become a key worry for nearly all governments throughout the world. 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ProstitutionRead MoreCounter-Protocols Against Human Sex Trafficking1333 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal estimates of human trafficking range from six hundred thousand to four million victims each year – the majority being victims of sex trafficking (McCabe, Manian, 2010). These women, men, and children are considered the backbone of one of the world’s most profitable industries forced to do the unthinkable before being discarded. In response to the overwhelming growth of the business, many nations (including the United States) have set out to prevent, prosecute, and rehabilitate offendersRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1531 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is modern day slavery that occurs with both genders of all ages. Human trafficking occurs mostly in poorer countries like Asia, and Eastern Europe and isn t solely sexual slavery; the victims can be used for labor purposes also. Organizations like Shared Hope International and Coalition Against Trafficking in Women fight to rescue the victims of human trafficking. These organizations spread the dangers of human trafficking through education and public awareness. Often times traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Prostitution And Prostitution981 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Trafficking in Prostitution Prostitution, â€Å"Providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society. The first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, one of the first known civilizations (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s

Carrie Chapter Nineteen Free Essays

string(104) " little more than a footpath – wound up the rise of land to the right, angling away from Route 6\." He smiled. ‘Maybe.’ But he wouldn’t. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrie Chapter Nineteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not any more. ‘Come on. We’re going to town.’ They went downstairs and through the empty dance hall, where chairs were still pushed back and beers were standing flat on the tables. As they went out through the fire door Billy said: ‘This place sucks. anyway.’ They got into his car, and he started it up. When he popped on the headlights, Chris began to scream, hands in fists up to her cheeks. Billy felt it at the same time: Something in his mind. (came came came came) a presence. Carrie was standing in front of them, perhaps seventy feet away. The high beams picked her out in ghastly horror-movie blacks and whites, dripping and clotted with blood. Now much of it was her own. The hilt of the butcher knife still protruded from her shoulder, and her gown was covered with dirt and grass stain. She had crawled much of the distance from Carlin Street, half fainting, to destroy this roadhouse – perhaps the very one where the doom of her creation had begun. She stood swaying, her arms thrown out like the arms of a stage hypnotist, and she began to totter toward them. It happened in the blink of a second. Chris had not had time to expend her first scream. Billy’s reflexes were good and his reaction was instantaneous. He shifted into low, popped the clutch, and floored it. The Chevrolet’s tyres screamed against the asphalt, and the car sprang forward like some old and terrible mancater. The figure swelled in the windshield and as it did the presence became louder (CARRIE CARRIE CARRIE) and louder (CARRIE CARRIE CARRIE) like a radio being turned up to full volume. Time seemed to close around them in a frame and for a moment they were frozen even in motion: Billy (CARRIE just like the dogs CARRIE jut like the goddam dogs CARRIE brucie i wish i could CARRIE be CARRIE you) and Chris (CARRIE Jesus not to kill her CARRIE didn’t mean to kill her CARRIE billy i dont CARRIE want to CARRIE see it CA) and Carrie herself (see the wheel car wheel gas pedal i see the WHEEL o god my heart my heart my heart) And Billy suddenly felt his car turn traitor, come alive, slither in his hands, The Chevvy dug around in a smoking half-circle, straight pipes racketing, and suddenly the clapboard side of The Cavalier was swelling, swelling, swelling and (this is) they slammed into it at forty, still accelerating, and wood sprayed up in a neon-tinted detonation. Billy was thrown forward and the steering column speared him. Chris was thrown into the dashboard. The gas tank split open, and fuel began to puddle around the rear of the car. Part of one straight pipe fell into it, and the gas bloomed into flame. Carrie lay on her side, eyes closed, panting thickly. Her chest was on fire. She began to drag herself across the parking lot, going nowhere. (momma i’m sorry it all went wrong o momma o please o please i hurt so bad momma what do i do) And suddenly it didn’t seem to matter any more, nothing would matter if she could turn over, turn over and see the stars, turn over and look once and die. And that was how Sue found her at two o’clock. When Sheriff Doyle left her, Sue walked down the Street and sat on the steps of the Chamberlain U-Wash-It. She stared at the burning sky without swing it. Tommy was dead. She knew it was true and accepted it with an case that was dreadful. And Carrie had done it. She had no idea how she knew it, but the conviction was as pure and right as arithmetic. Time passed. It didn’t matter. Macbeth, hath murdered sleep and Carrie hath murdered time. Pretty good. A bon mot Sue smiled dolefully. Can this be the end of our heroine, Miss Sweet Little Sixteen? No worries about the country club and Kleen Korners now. Not ever. Gone. Burned out. Someone ran past, blabbering that Carlin Street was on fire. Good for Carlin Street. Tommy was gone. And Carrie had gone home to murder her mother. () She sat bolt upright, staring into the darkness. () She didn’t know how she knew. It bore no relationship to anything she had ever read about telepathy. There were no pictures in her head, no great white flashes of revelation, only prosaic knowledge; the way you know summer follows spring, that cancer can kill you, that Carrie’s mother was dead already, that (!!!!!) Her heart row thickly in her chest. Dead? She examined in her knowledge of the incident, trying to disregard the insistent weirdness of knowing from nothing. Yes, Margaret White was dead, something to do with her heart. But she had stabbed Carrie. Carrie was badly hurt. She was There was nothing more. She got up and ran back to her mother’s car. Ten minutes later she parked on the corner of Branch and Carlin Street, which was on fire. No trucks were available to fight the blaze yet, but saw-horses had been put across both ends of the street, and greasily smoking roads pots lit a sign which said; DANGER! LIVE WIRES! Sue cut through two back yards and forced her way through a budding hedge that scraped at her, white short, stiff bristles. She came out one yard from the White’s house and crossed over. The house was in flames, the roof blazing. It was impossible to even think about getting close enough to look in. But in the strong firelight she saw something better. the splashed trail of Carrie’s blood. She followed it with her head down, past the larger spots where Carrie had rested, through another hedge, across a Willow Street back yard, and then through an undeveloped tangle of scrub pine and oak. Beyond that, a short, unpaved spur – little more than a footpath – wound up the rise of land to the right, angling away from Route 6. You read "Carrie Chapter Nineteen" in category "Essay examples" She stopped suddenly as doubt struck her with vicious and corrosive force. Suppose she could find her? What then? Heart failure? Set on fire? Controlled and forced to walk in front of an oncoming car or fire engine? Her peculiar knowledge told her Carrie would be capable of all things. (find a policeman) She giggled a little at that one and sat down in the grass, which was silked with dew. She had already found a policeman. And even supposing Otis Doyle had believed her, what then? A mental picture came to her of a hundred desperate manhunters surrounding Came, demanding her to hand over her weapons and give up. Carrie obediently raises her hands and plucks her head from her shoulders. Hands it to Sheriff Doyle, who solemnly puts it in a wicker basket marked People’s Exhibit A. (and tommy’s dead) Well, well. She began to cry. She put her hands over her face and sobbed into them. A soft breeze snuffled through the juniper bushes on top of the hill. More fire engines screamed by on Route 6 like huge red hounds in the night. (the town’s burning down o well) She had no idea how long she sat there, crying in a grainy half-doze. She was not even aware that she was following Carrie’s progress toward The Cavalier, no more than she was aware of the process of respiration unless she thought about it. Carrie was hurt very badly, was going on brute determination alone at this point. It was three miles out to The Cavalier, even across-country, as Carrie was going. Sue (watched? thought? doesn’t matter) as Carrie fell in a brook and dragged herself out, icy and shivering. It was really amazing that she kept going. But of course it was for Momma. Momma wanted her to be the Angel’s Fiery Sword, to destroy- (she’s going to destroy that too) She got up and began to run clumsily, not bothering to follow the trail of blood. She didn’t need to follow it any more. From The Shadow Exploded (pp. 164-165): Whatever any of us may think of the Carrie White affair, it is over. It’s time to turn to the future. As Dean McGuffin points out, in his excellent Science Yearbook article, if we refuse to do this, we will almost certainly have to pay the piper – and the price is apt to be a high one. A thorny moral question is raised here. Progress is already being made toward complete isolation of the TK gene. It is more or less assumed in the scientific community (see, for instance, Bourke and Hannegan’s ‘A View Toward Isolation of the TK Gene with Specific Recommendations for Control Parameters’ in Mocrobiology Annual, Berkeley: 1982) that when a testing procedure is established, all school-age children will undergo the test as routinely as they now undergo the TB skin-patch. Yet TK is not a germ; it is as much a part of the afflicted person as the colour of his eyes. If overt TK ability occurs as a part of puberty, and if this hypothetical TK test is performed on children entering the first grade, we shall certainly be forewarned. But in this case, is forewarned forearmed? If the TB test shows positive a child can be treated or isolated. If the TK test shows positive, we have no treatment except a bullet in the head. And how is it possible to isolate a person who will eventually have the power to knock down all walls? And even if isolation could be made successful, would the American people allow a small, pretty girl-child to be ripped away from her parents at the first sign of puberty to be locked in a bank vault for the rest of her life? I doubt it. Especially when The White Commission has worked so hard to convince the public that the nightmare in Chamberlain was a complete fluke. Indeed, we seem to have returned to Square One. From the sworn testimony of Susan Snell, taken before The State Investigatory Board of Maine (from The White Commission Report), pp. 306-472: Q. Now, Miss Snell, the Board would like to go through your testimony concerning your alleged meeting with Carrie White in The Cavalier parking lot A. Why do you keep asking the same questions over and over? I’ve told you twice already. Q. We want to make sure the record is correct in every A. You want to catch me in a lie, isn’t that what you really mean? You don’t think I’m telling the truth, do YOU? Q. You say you came upon Carrie at A. Will you answer me? Q. -at 2:00 on the morning of May 28th. Is that correct? A I’m not going to answer any more questions until you answer the one I just asked. Q. Miss Snell, this body is empowered to cite you for contempt if you refuse to answer on any other grounds than Constitutional ones. A. I don’t care what you’re empowered to do. I’ve lost someone I love. Go and throw me in jail. I don’t care. I – go to hell. All of you, go to hell. You’re trying to †¦ to †¦ I don’t know, crucify me or something. Just lay off me! (A short recess) Q. Miss Snell, are you willing to continue your testimony at this time? A. Yes. But I won’t be badgered. Mr Chairman. Q. Of course not, young lady. No one wants to badger you. Now you claim to have come upon Carrie in the parking lot of this tavern at 2:00. Is that correct? A. Yes. Q. You knew it was 2:00? A. I was wearing the watch you see on my wrist right now. Q. To be sure. Isn’t The Cavalier better than six miles from where you left your mother’s car? A. It is by the road. It’s close to three as the crow flies. Q. You walked this distance? X Yes. Q. Now you testified earlier that you ‘knew’ you were getting close to Carrie. Can you explain this? A. No. Q. Could you smell her? A. What? Q. Did you follow your nose? (Laughter in the galleries) A. Are you playing games with me? Q. Answer the question, please. A. No. I didn’t follow my nose. Q. Could you see her? A. No. Q. Hear her? A. No. Q. Then how could you possibly know she was there? A. How did Tom Quillan know? Or Cora Simard? Or poor Vic Mooney? How did any of them know? Q. Answer the question, miss. This is hardly the place or the time for impertinence. A. But they did say they ‘just knew,’ didn’t they? I read Mrs Simard’s testimony in the paper! And what about the fire hydrants that opened themselves? And the gas pumps that broke their own locks and turned themselves on? The power lines that climbed down off their poles! And Q. Miss Snell, please A. Those things are in the record of this Commission’s proceedings! Q. This is not an issue here. A. Then what is? Are you looking for the truth or just a scapegoat? How to cite Carrie Chapter Nineteen, Essay examples

Competitive strategy AND innovation at General Electric

Questions: 1.In what ways has Jeff Immelt redirected the Strategy of GE? 2.To what extent is the strategy aligned with The requirements of the 21st century business environmentand GE's resources capabilities? 3 What organizational changes has the new strategy necessitate,Will GE be able to successful execute the new strategy? 4 What alternative strategies should GE consider? Answers: Introduction Martins (2012) concurs that innovation is a drive for feasible development. In spite of the way modernization is a major consideration in creating an outcome, the inventive action has not been generally comprehended an arranged manner. Up until now, there is no present writing reporting the advancement of modernism techniques in working for accomplishment inside vast worldwide associations. There exists information hole in the matter of whether the innovation systems of expansive associations are arranged and ponder, or whether they rise 'without anyone else', driven by outside patterns and occasions or by key authoritative plan and procedures. Experimental and exploratory reviews are expected to improve the comprehension of perplexing ways of modernization in aggressive conditions along with its commitment to business achievement in the long haul. This review looks to add to the assortment of hypothetical and commonsense learning of novelty by exploring how the modernization procedure has advanced in General Electric (GE), an extensive worldwide association. There are many elements that add to the advancement of innovation in associations, for example, mechanical innovation authoritative innovation, benefit innovation, problematic innovation (Christensen, 2011), plan of action novelty, client driven improvement and open modernization and as of late, group sourced innovation. 1. GE's methodology for supported development and modernization is often attempted by short-term projects of item advancement established in the course of huge ventures into General Electrics examination and designing offices. This rehashed, nonstop innovation with a basic suspicion of advancement is reliable through concentration of modernism. As such, modernization occurred inside a built up system, huge stride changes in the item/benefit offering all through General Electrics record are obvious. A major quality in GE is the capacity to put in Research and Development regardless of the predominant monetary sequence, furthermore make opportunities in times of instability (Baris et al, 2012). GE's authoritative structure was decentralized at the dawn of the 21st Century and a procedure of broadening of items and administrations was sought after (Mesquita, 2011). More items were acquainted with the market at lower cost, driven from the expectation to absorb information underway and the aggregation of learning picked up from speculation into research and designing. Through the leadership of Jeff Immelt, GE had formally settled an arrangement of offering its items at the lower conceivable cost predictable with a return of sensible benefit. The procedure of commercialization of innovation before and amid this period was seen as a straight movement from logical revelation to commercial center (Charles, 2010). Strikingly GE's yearly report was the main answer to suggest officially modernism. Nevertheless, this fails to be astonishing taking into account the soonest meaning of the idea of advancement. It can be trailed to the spearheading task of one of the founders, and its application inside financial science. Recently, GE presented long-range situation arrangements. However, its item determined procedure still based on current, very much prepared research and assembling offices to create results of the most astounding conceivable. This procedure had not changed since 1900. Nonetheless, the 21st Century marked the primary considerable varying in General Electric's item procedure in acknowledgment of creativity in both their items and services. General Electric moved the concentration from planning and pitching material items to offering a consolidated arrangement of items together equipped for satisfying particular customer request (Christensen, 2011). The organization commented that 33% of items to be made would be either absolutely obscure to the organization or were just thoughts in the psyches of workers. About $2 billion or around one portion of deals originated from innovative items presented from the time when the Second World War began (GE, 2012). For GE, diminished item after-sale services and lead-time may perhaps be credited just like the real wellspring of insurance on impersonation, particularly for its item novelty amid this era (Shubhabrata, 2014). GE has proceeded with long haul duty to item improvement amid the new leadership and organizational structure, which was intensely impact by the CEO (Jeff Immelt). He had a vision for the organization a spread out hierarchical structure from side to side and via an arranged broadening in novel marketplaces and innovations. GE examined a procedure of expanded assorted qualities from center of electrical innovations and additionally a selection, which was widened to incorporate gadgets, mechanization, plastics, PCs, control plants, chemicals and atomic innovation. Additionally, a noteworthy accentuation of quickening development in service organizations was actualized that time. GE detailed products were developing the overall business incomes and it produced 17% of their profit (GE, 2012). Recently, GE had mostly depended on its US organizations for their methodologies aptitudes and ability in detailing and executing their item innovation techniques. Frei Morris, (2012) have demonstrated that companies, including the biggest ones contending in worldwide marketplaces are emphatically impacted in their systems with the situation in their nations of origin. Altogether, it was not until recent events that GE made items for neighborhood and developing business sector needs. GE tried to use innovations created offshore, to address the issues of developing marketplaces in an undeniably global arena. General Electric's methodology of item modernization was scrutinized for the reason that its businesses in the US were presently lacking to create more noteworthy development, keeping in mind the end goal to address client issues in other countries. General Electric's Center for Technology in India is the biggest coordinated general research center. The multinational company has opened extra focuses in Germany, Brazil and China, along these lines. As of late, General Electric has hoped to invert projects and innovation of systems to enhance its methodologies of item advancement for worldwide development (Crossan Apaydin, 2010). 2. The Extent of alignment of the Strategy with the Requirements of the 21st Century Business Environment It is recommended that the best creative organizations fail only through utilizing a single modernization technique; however, through deliberately choosing the correct approach inside a given setting. In any case, this broad order, traversing crosswise over a century, has established that as of 1889, the methodology of GE is item determined for the global marketplace. Generally, all items of this era were propelled in the US, afterward rapidly were acquainted with worldwide economy. It was in anticipation of the 21st Century that GE made items for nearby and developing business sector needs (Downie McMurray, 2012). The order has revealed that GE's upper hand depended on and keeps on being examination driven, construct either in light of logical leaps forward or incremental research. The multifaceted nature in understanding the use of innovative work over GE's various organizations demonstrates trouble for rivals mocking the innovation, thus carrying on the obstructions to elevated point. General Electrics methodology for managed development was attempted in the course of various projects of item advancement established through noteworthy speculation into making inquiries. Remarkably, from 2010 to 2012, the organization will burn through $17 billion on Research Development alone. This is twofold its recorded normal and around 7% of its modern incomes (GE, 2012). The sequence finds that this exploration center and speculation has seen speed of enhanced item plan and strategies for assembling (Effie Denis, 2016). The sequence demonstrates that GE's underlying development methodology has not changed extra time. Speculation into RD has kept on happening regardless of the monetary cycles. General Electric's reaction to the economic recession (the Great Depression in the US) was to make GE Credit a company to help back the deal of GE apparatuses. In addition, the association has kept on overwhelming chosen advancements and ventures. A technique has been to make new organizations from center innovative work yields and related advancements. The sequence has distinguished that GE's maintained development system has not changed. The association having built up creative items then built up a suite of profitable services for every item innovation. What's more, preparing and client consideration built up the following scope of thoughts for new items. As a result, GE prepared its clients/clients to drive modernization. The order highlights that administration and its impact on GE's hierarchical culture has been a key determinant of GE's prosperity. Over the period, concentrated GE's initiative has been described by a common vision for future development in view of research, improvement and innovation. Singular pioneers have reliably shown clearness of bearing, accentuation on speed, quality and execution in addition to the interest for innovation (Tachia Renhuai, 2017). Generally, item determined innovative procedure has kept up center and being implemented meticulously and consistently for a century. Now and again, it is enhanced by innovation of the procedure. It is not astounding that of the unique organizations recorded on the Dow Jones Industrial Average, General Electric is the main organization that steadily survive 117 years after the fact. The Extent of the Strategy Alignment with GE's Resources and Capabilities GE is an ideal and regarded association in the world, prestigious for its dependably outstanding financial execution and for the way of its businesses. General Electric has not unmistakably shared an unequivocal advancement framework, nor is there an identifiable association plan from the latest period that matches its development targets with the fundamental goals of the firm. By and by, in spite of the nonattendance of an identifiable development technique GE is a perusing material instance of good advancement take a shot at wrinkling a high rate of income afresh into RD, working personally with lead customers to fathom their necessities and making thing development near to them. According to Howard Heiko (2011), the organization additionally passes on a consistent stream of relentless advancements of things and forms, and at the ideal time deliberately researching the full level of development space portrayed by their market (Thomas Fred, 2011). The overview and examination of GE's industry composing exhibits that GE continues demonstrating practices and estimations in perspective of yields as the GE business reports and composing place enduring complement on quantifiable yields. This offers opportunities to further research to investigate various leveled strategies of GE, which influence on and create legitimate advancement. 3. Organizational changes the new strategy necessitate in GE The new strategy in General Electric has necessitated a leaner organization structure. The current CEO considers the original structure to be bloated and generated unnecessary overheads, especially in remuneration. The company has set seven essential destinations. Among them, to commit in giving perfect and safe items and improve the personal satisfaction wherever through better generation and services is the primary goal of GE. Essentially, its different targets are to respect the law, dialect and culture of each country with reasonable corporate exercises; add to monetary and social improvement of groups everywhere through corporate exercises. Moreover, to make and create propelled advancements and give exceptional items and services to clients; cultivate individual's innovativeness and collaboration esteem; seek after development through inventive administration; and work with business accomplices for shared advantages (Ignacio et al, 2016). To accomplish these goals and their powerful usage, it has plainly set fourteen rules that are broadly considered as the Jeff Immelt Ways. In light of these standards, GE takes administration choices on long haul reasoning, even at the costs of a here and now budgetary objective. It has faith in a constant procedure stream to convey issues to the surface, employments visual control so that no issues are concealed, utilizes pull framework to keep away from overproduction, and works in a slow and steady manner. It institutionalizes the errands and procedures as the establishment for nonstop change and engages workers by which it additionally improves its capacity to utilize just solid and altogether tried innovation that serves the clients (John, 2010). Correspondingly, its organizational strategy is additionally substantiated by its concept of creating outstanding individuals and groups who take after the logic of GE, regard the system of accomplices and providers, and gain from the practices. It puts stock in settling on choices gradually by accord altogether considering all alternatives and once the choices are taken, it actualizes the choices quickly. Furthermore, by turning into a learning association through persistent reflection and change of its items and services, General Electric can be illustrated as an example that has accomplished its authoritative targets effectively (Tucker, 2012). The administration style of Jeff Immelt is unique in relation to that of his forerunner. His quality is in impelling others by enabling them and relating with them at their level, rather than frightening them as Jack Welch could do. Regardless of both men being likewise feasible, Immelt's drive style has made a by and large unique condition at GE and drew hail from the places of his subordinates. In 2001, not long after Immelt expected his place as new Chief Executive Officer of GE, a movement of events basically changed the corporate scene. Immelt's incite test was to manage the impact of the result of the terrorist attacks in September 11 and a following game plan of noticeable corporate shames (e.g., Enron). These events made imperative defenselessness and provoked a crisis of assurance among examiners and filled abhor in the gathering free to move around at will (John, 2011). In spite of descending bid, Immelt saw that managing GE's introduction to the business cycle would be fundamental to the affiliations whole deal security. He attempted to reassure GE shareholders that the control of the CEO was not to manage the impart cost but instead to arrangement to the association for whole deal advantage improvement. To keep up the trust of the gathering and GE shareholders, Immelt executed different measures to construct straightforwardness and viably manage GE's open relationship with every material accompliceincluding customers, suppliers, government and the gathering free to move around at will. 4. General Electric should consider borrowing a management leaf from Toyota Motors because it has good management practices, which has positioned the vehicles manufacturer as the most popular brand in the world (Leavy, 2014). Moreover, Jeff Immelt should have a look at their human resources management. In HR advancement area, taking after the foundation of the Asia-Pacific Production Center, in February 2006 Toyota set up the European production center in the UK along with the North American counterpart. These were made to extend assembling information and aptitudes worldwide in line with the developed economies. In RD side, Toyota has concentrated its endeavors on three key regions: condition, security, and vitality. It has tried in the range of the earth by extending its lineup of hybrid cars, and has taken a shot at RD involving module crossover (plug-ins for charging the car). Likewise, as a feature of Toyota's endeavors to react to the broadening of energy, in 2007 Toyota presented a flex fuel vehicle in the Brazilian market that will keep running on 100% bio-ethanol fuel. Starting here on, in light of the rationality of giving "the correct auto, in the perfect place, at the opportune time, and as per the framework and client needs of every locale, Toyota is taking a stab at elevating endeavors to grow earth well disposed innovation and vehicles (Lorenz Elna 2016). Moreover, each two-year period, it enhances its object and changes models into new ones each four years. By retaining this technique of object development, Toyota has became out to be effective in overseeing item existence cycle, all of the greater specifically it affords object and keeps the item growing without permitting them to be advanced and rot (Luisa et al, 2014). Its splendid authoritative method for development is seriously supported by way of its methodology running with round 522 auxiliaries around the globe and efficaciously creating an extra huge market chain anywhere. Another method for Toyotas hierarchical technique for development is that it peruses well-known society mind via its exploration office that displays the commercial enterprise and watches statistic and financial improvements. Its central aim is to assume patron drifts and make a lineup of automobiles and trucks to gain from them. Each professional is depended on to be enthusiastic out in the areas convers ing with automobile consumers. The Japanese prefer to go to the scene and affirm the genuine happenings (Matthias et al, 2016). Business pioneers in Japan utilized basic leadership forms that included nearly a larger number of individuals and more subjective components than their partners in the US did and, particularly China. The special kind of each key management choice blocks coordinated correlations, however most Japanese interviewees concurred that "more than ten directors" had been included effectively in all of the vital level choices made in their organization inside the most recent 6 months. Interestingly, both American and Chinese business pioneers said that more than 10 individuals had been included in "just a couple" and "none" of their key choices (Muhammad Torbjrn, 2014). The Japanese likewise demonstrated that they took a more extended period to finish the key basic leadership handle. Though the American and Chinese interviewees expressed that they usually took "days" and some of the time "weeks" to settle on critical choices, several weeks and months were regular responses for the Japanese. Additional time was expected to achieve an agreement. Albeit Japanese basic leadership is moderate, it pays off by empowering quick and smooth usage. Astoundingly, the Chinese and American business pioneers conceded that a large number of their choices throughout the most recent 6 months had confronted resistance, and could not be executed as easily as they had trusted (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). Overall, General Electric could use these leadership styles of the Japanese as an alternative management strategy. Conclusion The motivation behind this review was growing original knowledge as well as comprehension regarding the development of the modernization in General Electric. This was accomplished by the methodical investigation of literature relevant to the industry that was supplementary through the scholarly writing in building up the order recognizing General Electrice's techniques for accomplishment in the course of recent years. Industry writings demonstrate that GE keeps on showing practices and estimations in light of yields as business information and writing set predictable accentuation on measureable yields. Similarly, like every review, constraints are there in this assessment. An impediment is that the information was retrieved from auxiliary points of reference. Careful steps were in use to guarantee information validness via annual reports that are available on their website, because it is a publicly traded company. The discoveries in the review have importance in industry and scholastic situation as they add to the assortment of hypothetical and down to earth learning in regards to the development of innovation systems in substantial worldwide associations. Along these lines the functional and hypothetical criticalness produced in this spearheading study are affirmed through genuine cases of fruitful innovation techniques which might be utilized by scholastics and industry professionals in their lessons, learning and practices. References Baris Y., Mickey H., Sinad R. 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