Coursework Draft-Sci-fi Narrative Essay

I’m fed up of my life. Everyday it’s the same routine. I sat in front of my loyal and reliable pc and opened my notorious chat room. It was quarter to ten and I’ve waited for valuable information to electronically crop up. Out of the blue a bizarre message appeared. â€Å"Do you crave for paypal account details?† I read out. This message quenched my desire for priceless details. Quickly I typed and replied hell yeah. A list of words emerged on the colossal liquid crystal display screen. I examined the passage. It was an instruction for a paypal account with à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 250,000 deposited in. The particular participant had written this under the pseudonym Omega. Before starting my money-hungry pursuit I printed the information in a sleek laminated sheet, wore my personalised arsenal top, baggy tracksuit bottoms and my flamboyant air max ltd plus I grabbed a handy USB. As I strolled across Faraday Avenue, I pulled out the information and read it aloud. â€Å"Go to the laboratory in Faraday Avenue.† I scan the industrialised scenery and found the laboratory that fitted in the description. The old decrepit lab seems to contrast with the spanking new surroundings. I entered as silent as a scared, stealthy mouse and switched on the lights. Rats and other rodents scurried away and the room smells like horse manure. I could feel the moisture gradually building up on my light beige-like caramel skin because of the humidity. I read the next instruction clearly and said â€Å"stand in front of the main computer.† I stood patiently and waited for the next instruction. Suddenly the computer displayed countless binary digits scrolling down rapidly as if it was initiating a complex program phase. As fast as the speed of light a bright light materialized and I was teleported. â€Å"Wahhhh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I uttered, startled. I felt as if I was falling for a few moments, but then I felt stable. Unaware of closing my eyes, I opened them, blinking. â€Å"Hello, I’m Omega.† said a voice. Stood before me was a man dressed in a funny fashion. â€Å"Welcome to cyberspace utopia.† â€Å"Hey!† I shouted. â€Å"Where are the money packed accounts you promised me.† â€Å"You must facilitate me first.† â€Å"What’s the catch chum?† Omega took a deep breath before explaining. â€Å"Delete the master program by using your infamous virus called exterminator V2.90025.† â€Å"Why should I?† I reprimanded. â€Å"This is the program which controls the national grid. The master program or MP was upgraded to version 3.95 and gained artificial intelligence. He will annihilate the national grid and wipe out Great Britain as we know it.† â€Å"Okay,† I said in a sarcastic manner. â€Å"Where do I start?† â€Å"Head towards the control panel, there you will upload the super virus.† he responded. I scrutinized the strange environment to find the control panel. The vibrant and colourful place looked more developed in terms of technology than Earth. Circuit boards are the floor, USB ports and chips are situated everywhere and the shrilling sound of booting could be heard. I soon found a neon sign saying control panel 2 terabytes ahead. Omega threw a miniature capsule at the floor and a gleaming electro-cycle appears out of nowhere. â€Å"Hop in,† he hollered. I approached to touch the glossy exterior before jumping in. Omega started the engine and told me to brace myself. Before I knew it the cycle soars into the distance and stopped in front of a majestic tower. â€Å"Here, take this e-katana and help me delete MP’s minions.† whispered Omega. It was an electric blade with a light handle. Rapidly he stuck a cap on his head and cocked his twin pistols. Swiftly a group of similar people attacked us. I felt an uplifting sensation running through my feeble bones and with just a mighty heave, the swarm of minions were obliterated. Soon after, the next wave chased after us as we dashed towards the MP’s lair. Omega blasted them as if it was a game of space invaders whilst I was plunging my e-katana through several chests. The minions were â€Å"deleted† and we headed cautiously towards a giant door. There was a small console next to the door and I soon began to do what I do best – hacking. The door was soon opened and we continued. It was a dull room with three giant computers. â€Å"Quickly upload the virus.† he said in a drastic tone. While I was uploading the virus on the third computer through my USB a mysterious figure appeared in the room. He was a tall dark man with a ferret like moustache. Omega leaped towards him and cries out hurry. Omega tried his best to stall but he was beheaded by his deadly claws. The virus was uploaded and he screamed in horror. I soon realised who he was†¦

Animal Farm-Power Corrpts Essay

Animal Farm is an allegorical novel about the Russian Revolution and the resulting political system of the Soviet Union. Through this story which appears to be a simple fable on the surface, we see George Orwell’s beliefs about the nature of power and its seemingly inevitable corruption of noble ideas. Educated authority figures in the book bend the principles of communism to suit their own selfish needs and desires, all the while taking advantage of the uneducated masses, and easily manipulated them through propaganda and persuasion. Through this allegory of communism turned to totalitarianism, Orwell explores the dangers of a political system where leaders have no sense of social responsibility toward their subjects. The first instance of corruption among the ruling class appears shortly after the revolution. The pigs, the new rulers of Animal Farm after the ousting of the tyrant farmer Jones, milk the cows to relieve them from of their discomfort. The animals, remembering how Jones would mix some of the milk into their mash, look forward to at least similar treatment from the pigs. However, the milk soon disappears and it is discovered later that the pigs have mixed it into their own mash without sharing it with the other animals, just as the windfall apples have been consumed exclusively by the pigs. Squealer, the political propagandist for the pigs, justifies this to the other animals by saying that the pigs need the extra brain energy, and then bolsters his argument with some fear mongering: â€Å" Do you know what would happen if w pigs failed in our duty? Jones would be back!† (32). The fact that this incident occurs so quickly after the revolution and at a time when all of the pigs are still present on the farm shows Orwell’s belief that the corruption is not only inevitable in a society where the ruling sector of the population is so much better educated than the rest, but that all of these members of the ruling class were potentially corruptible. As the story moves on Orwell shows us how power is corrupting more. Another of the major instance that occurs after the milk and apples is the ruling class moving in the farmhouse. As the commandment says no animal shall sleep in a bed. Some of the other animals were confused but as usual squealer came with his propaganda.

Buddhist concept of the nature of things, people, the world, and Essay

Buddhist concept of the nature of things, people, the world, and nirvana - Essay Example During Samsara, living beings continuously face pain and suffering because of the wrong doings of the previous life. As long as a living being continues to commit sins and do bad, it creates reasons for rebirth and thus the cycle continues till self-recognition which ultimately leads to enlightenment and nirvana. In Buddhism rebirth is considered as a continuous process and each subsequent rebirth takes place within one of the five realsms based on the karmas performed by the living being. Naraka being is the worst of all and people who are born as Naraka beings are bound to live in hell during that particular life. Another form of birth is Preta or the ghost-form. Being a human being is considered as the only type of life in which the attainment of final enlightenment and thus Nirvana is possible. Being an animal or a Deva (spirit or angel) are also forms of life which can be achieved after rebirth. Mahayana teachings have presented a sixth form of life after rebirth in which a pers on can be reborn as a demon or titan, this form is called Asura. A formless realm, ‘arupa dhatu’ can only be achieved by the people who can meditate with intense depth (Smith and Novak). The whole concept of Samsara, the cycle of suffering and rebirth is based on Karma is the Sanskrit word for the actions and deeds performed by a person in this world. The future life of the person after rebirth is based on the Karma performed by him during the present life. Buddhism gives a lot of importance to the impact of actions of a person on the surrounding people and environment and thus Karma is referred to those deeds and actions which are intentionally committed and have certain consequences on the individual and the surroundings. A person is supposed to receive a ‘Phala’ or fruit for his Karmas. There is a difference of opinion about Karma in the Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism with the later presenting the strict version of the two (Conze). According to Theravad a Buddhism, a person is responsible for his Karma and will receive reward or punishment for his bad or good Karmas but a Karma once committed is attributed to a person and there is no way in which the punishment can be avoided. However Mahayana presents a softer ideology and according to Mahayana texts, the negativity of bad Karmas can be obliterated by reciting the specific Mantras (McGovern). The reality of life is explained by the Four Noble Truths which were the first teachings of Gautama Buddha. The life of a person always leads to sufferings in one way or the other because of the cravings of living beings which never end. Ending the cravings is the only way in which a living being can put an end to the sufferings and achieve liberation from the circle of life. Ending the carvings and achieving liberation is possible by following the Noble Eightfold Path as guided by Gautama Buddha. The Eightfold Path is based on finding out the actual reality of things which is in most cases d ifferent from the apparent form. A person who wishes to achieve Nirvana should be pure in his intensions, truthful in his dealings and harmless in his actions. By virtue of his existence, a person is bound to commit sins and bad Karma because he cannot control his mind (Keown). Meditation is the only way in which complete mind control can be exercised by making a sincere effort to improve the mindset and thinking. Samadhi is the correct way of meditating with clear consciousness and awareness about the reality of life

Unlawful Discrimination II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unlawful Discrimination II - Assignment Example mployer (Hillbrook Manufacturing Company Ltd) because she was not remunerated on equal employment terms with her male counterparts in the same kind of job. Mrs. Lauren had worked for Hillbrook Manufacturing Company limited for more than ten years. However, during her tenure for work, she was being paid less than her male counterparts due to under assessment which was being conducted by her immediate supervisors. She decided to file a case against her employer based on gender inequality. The statutes prohibit any unfairness by the employer to the employees hence Mrs. Lauren was acting according to the law. The United States judicial system recognizes any form of partiality at the working environment. The employer in this case was being undermined and underpaid compared to her male counterparts. This is against â€Å"Equal pay Act† of United States which requires all employers to remunerate their employees equally irrespective of their gender. Also, this was characterized by inequality hence it was against Equal Employment Opportunity Act (Beiner, 2004). This act requires all workers to be treated the same way irrespective of their social, political, race or even religious background. Therefore, biasness portrayed by the employer in this case was tantamount to breach of law. When dealing with the matter of biasness in the working place, judges should first establish the truth about the alleged inequity. They have to prove that the wronged person was indeed being underpaid and under evaluated compared to other male workers. Therefore, Mrs. Lauren should provide enough evidence to affirm that she was being underpaid, and that this was due to her gender. However, it is the employee’s responsibility to notify the court and provide evidence for the allegations against the employer (Beiner, 2004). The claim must support that the employees was not given equal chances and opportunities like her male counterparts. The role of judge is providing justice to the wronged

Authentic Assessments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Authentic Assessments - Essay Example Authentic assessment is the product of a reform in education. This shift is to make standardized testing less drill oriented and applicable to what is expected will be necessary in the students' adult life. These tests hold students to higher standards as well as create a growing body of accurate awareness pertaining to student learning. This way the teacher learns from the student as well. The key argument these test pose is that for the traditional testing method, the right answers are not rationales. This basically acknowledges that the level of logic required for traditional standardized tests is lacking. This is due to a relationship that involves test takers who simply cram for their tests, and instructors who feel the tests have no relevance to their teaching ability. This is a common occurrence that has resulted in resentment for traditional standardized testing on the behalf of both parties involved. Authentic assessment is a genuine push towards the implementation of more authentic tasks. Instructors find it easier to apply these tasks to their curriculum and students find it easier to assess what is expected of them. It is considered a form of improving overall performance, in a testing system traditionally structured solely to monitor it. Authentic assessment applied to math and science addresses the notion among educators that this curriculum is designed to assist students in solving everyday problems like, civic affairs, jobs and professions. To do this less computation must be emphasized and these curriculums must focus more on the analytical. When I was younger, and my grades were starting to slip in math, my father required me to make calendars as a punishment until I was able to improve. Initially, I thought this would be an easy task, but he required that every square have equal length and width, and that all lines on each page be equal in length from one another. This served two purposes; it taught me that everything in the world around me can be weighed and measured. It also taught me the value of organization. The process of using mathematical tools like protractors, rulers and calculators, along with my own thinking and reasoning, incited me to be enthusiastic towards math. This is the perfect example of a pplying math to the student's surroundings. This is the type of authentic assessment I would apply to a middle school math or science curriculum. It doesn't have to be something as bland and mundane as creating calendars, but my task will be inherently applicable to the student's daily living routine. My student evaluations would consist of open ended questions that require mathematical awareness to produce solutions. For example, The Shoe Thief Puzzle A person went into a shop to buy a pair of shoes. The person chose a pair which were reduced to their cost price of $12, and gave the shopkeeper a $20 note. The shopkeeper didn't have any change, so he took the $20 note next door to his friend the restaurant owner to get some. He returned to his shop and gave the shopper $8 change. The shopper then departed. A few minutes later the restaurant owner stormed into the shop shouting "that $20 note that you gave me is a forgery". The shopkeeper took back the forged note and gave the restaurant owner a new and genuine $20 note. How much has the shopkeeper lost on the transaction, explain the cash movements, and show two methods of calculating

Need you to choose Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Need you to choose - Term Paper Example Started with a modest investment of Rs.5 Crore, the company presently is making revenue of Rs.70 crores annually. In order to gain better revenue the company management has decided to sell the paper produced directly to dealers and publishers. The company is having four paper machines in plant to achieve its targeted output of 18 tons a day. Because Delta Engineering is a medium scale paper manufacturing industry all its paper machines are semi automatic, where handling and feeding needs to be done manually thus leading to mechanical problems most of the time. Despite smart machine scheduling they are unable to achieve the targeted output sometimes. This problem is primarily due to machine downtime. The management of the organization has given details of number of working hours of one machine, probable down time, productivity, the details of which are as follows. If a machine A works for 4 hours a day then the probability of it breaking down is 0.1 or 10%, if the machine works for 5 hours then the probability of it breaking down increases to 0.2 or 20%. If the machine works for 6 hours a day then the probability of it breaking down increases to 0.3 or 30%. If the machine works for 8 Hours a day then its break down probabi lity increases to 0.4% or 40%. Similarly the management has given the productivity of the machines in terms of tons of paper as follows. If the machine works for 4 hours a day then it will be able to produce 3 tons of paper a day, if it works for 5 hours a day then it will be to produce around 4 tons of paper a day. If the machine works for 6 hours a day then it will be able to produce around 5 tons of paper a day. If the machine works 8 hours a day then it will be able to produce around 6 tons of paper a day. The management of Delta Engineering wants to find if there is a realistic relation between Machine work time and break down, also the management wants to understand if machine breakdowns really are the reason for its loss in

Request for Proposal for Software Upgrade Project of Boardman Essay

Request for Proposal for Software Upgrade Project of Boardman Management Group - Essay Example The purpose of this Request for Proposal is to provide the potential consultants with information to assist them in formulating their proposals. It is hereby advised that it is mandatory for every bidder to respond against all the requirements mentioned in this RFP. If the bidder has nothing to share against a requirement they can mark â€Å"Not Applicable† in front of the requirement. This paper makes a conclusion that Boardman Management Group has established the business goal of achieving a standard business support system across all the businesses across the group and hence has decided to upgrade all the software versions to Word 2007 on Windows Vista. Following are the requirements of this Project which the chosen consultant would need to fulfill. You are most welcome to add to the requirements if you wish to undertake additional deliverables that are useful to the project. You are requested to provide complete details of the new requirements justifying their need. The proposals are invited from the consultants who have successfully completed at least three similar projects pertaining to migration of desktop systems to Windows Vista and Word 2007 in a networked environment. The project board shall compare the details of the PDF format and the hard-copy format. Any discrepancies between the two formats would result in rejection of the proposal after informing y ou. In such cases, you would be required to resubmit the proposal. Discrepancies found after second submission shall result in disqualification of the bidder.

Keystone Pipeline Issue on U.S. Economic and Environmental Annotated Bibliography

Keystone Pipeline Issue on U.S. Economic and Environmental perspectives - Annotated Bibliography Example According to Blakey, the Keystone XL pipeline polarizes parties from either side of the construction conflict. The article states that, in a typical enmity between liberals and traditionalists, both parties face a deeper disadvantage in their argument. If ecologists believe oil is not worth the jobs creation, then liberals will consider profit to be the prime key to the United States’ energy security (Blakey 335). Blanchard and Jacobson provide an ecological perception reflecting the provided carbon-concentration of tar-sands creation. Even though conservatives believe that that operation of the Alberta tar sands would merely come to a stop, demand for hydrocarbon-based energy is extremely high. In addition, the journal says that the Ogallala aquifer is acutely sensitive, but its vulnerability is more valuable than the likely damage to British Columbia’s rain forest. The last leading problem discussed in the journal is the likelihood of the construction of the Northern Gateway. The Northern Gateway may be a fallback approach for the ecologists (Blanchard and Jacobson 2011). Daugherty states that the president destroyed tens of thousands of employment opportunities when he denied Keystone the opportunity to build the Keystone XL pipeline. Many of the jobs would have been provided in Houston, Texas. Further than that, the government’s decision to halt the pipeline is considered complete irrational. The article says that the Obama administration is illogic from an economic perspective. This is because of an overpowering goal of national security supposed to reduce the country’s reliance on foreign energy sources (Daugherty 2012). Hargreaves says that the Obama administration refused an offer to develop the contentious Keystone oil sands pipeline. The article says that the government defended its choice by saying that the deadline enforced by the congress did not leave adequate time to carry out the essential review. The pipeline might not be

Fighting cocks Essay Example for Free

Fighting cocks Essay A richly textured social history of Hispaniola†¦ the cock flight is designed to pit equal combatants against each other, and among humans equality is in short supply on Hispaniola. Perhaps this explains why the victorious cock brings glory to his owner yet the victors in the human competition have hardly been inspiring. Kirkus Reviews (January, 1999) There are lots of situations in history when people of power try to use others to fight for the interests which they represent and use them as marionettes or as fighting cocks. We often become witnesses of historical events in which politicians were using ordinary people to fight for their ideals. The idea of the fighting cock is clear to everybody- in a general sense it’s a bird which fights in the arena for the amusement of its owner and as long as the cock wins, it remains alive. Whenever it loses, it gets cooked for the next dinner. Of course, the idea of the fighting cocks in the novel has an allegoric sense but it is hard to imagine any other word which would describe the events going on in the history depicted in the novel with a different term. In order to give a full review of the novel, we are going at first to focus on the main points which it covers, i. e. on the historical period which is depicted in the novel. The main goal of our research is to show how events were going in the period of history which we are analyzing, what contribution Michele Wucker has made to the analysis of the events and what made her work outstanding. We are also going to investigate who were the allegoric fighting cocks in the novel and their owners and how they were trying to achieve their goals by using the fighting cocks. In Michele Wucker’s novel Why the Cocks Fight- Dominicans, Haitians, and the struggle for Hispaniola, a complex exploration of the cultural divide between Haiti and the Dominican Republic is given and the novel focuses on the 1937 massacre which is the central movement in Hispaniola’s history. It appears impossible to understand the essence of the novel without knowing some information about the island Hispaniola which serves as the arena for the fighting cocks in the novel. Investigations show that Hispaniola rises out of the Caribbean between Cuba and Puerto Rico and nowadays still remains a mystery to most North Americans. During the conquest, France and Spain tore the island apart and thus considered themselves a general owner of the island. In a while, the conquerors found themselves no match for the Africans they brought there to work and die in the sugarcane fields. The Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic has diverged considerably from its French-speaking island neighbor but the two nations share more than a porous common border. In order to give a full idea of the differences between those nations, we can give the following information: while in the recent years the Dominican Republic has become a state which a GNP growing faster than GNP of any other Latin country, Haiti remains the poorest country in the Americas. Wucker’s novel focuses on the often tortured relationship between Haitians and Dominicans. They are the cocks which were mentioned in the title of the novel. Those cocks are fighting for territory and power in a cockpit of an island and the stakes are cultural and psychological, sometimes even matters of life and death, in a fight which has been going on for centuries and which brought lots of sorrows to the nations, like any fight. Even though the nations are sharing the same island, they have completely different cultures and thus share different ideals. One nation is French-speaking and black, another one is Spanish-speaking and mulatto. Just as the owners of the fighting cocks contrive battles between the birds, the leaders of Dominican Republic and Haiti often stir up nationalist disputes and exaggerate their cultural difference as a way of deflecting other kinds of turmoil. Even though ordinary people would probably not want to participate in the struggles from their own will and desire, the leaders do their best to force their people to realize that they need to fight for right to rule. The phenomena of Michele Wucker’s book is that the author weavers together the histories and current plights of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is not an easy task to depict both historical facts and also the realities of modern times but Michele Wucker has done a very successful job on that. The author unveils the seemingly chaotic yet ritualistic world of Dominicans and Haitians and in her novel moves back and forth from the time of Columbus to the 20th century and through the intervening years to emphasize recurring themes rather than a linear story.

Question Behind the Question Essay Example for Free

Question Behind the Question Essay QBQ BY john G. Miller IQ- Incorrect questions These are the questions that often pop into our minds first and tend to be negative. They point fingers and are not helpful in resolving problems. Who dropped the ball? Why didnt they take core of that? QBQ- Better, more accountable questions. These are the questions that are often behind the IQs. You may have to really think to get these questions to the fore front of your mind. What can I do to make sure you can get that done next time? How can I support the team better? how can I adapt better? How can I better understand the situation? What solution can I provide? What can I do to get more information to make a better decision? QBQs should begin with what or how. They should contain l. They should also focus on action. When we are in the middle of a situation, we need to not be a victim. Things are always going to happen at work and in our personal lives. If we allow ourselves to become victims then we wont be able to come up with good solutions. Stress is a choice, contrary to popular belief. Stress is a result of our actions. we can choose how we react to the things going on around us. We can to choose to be positive and make decisions to make the situation better or choose to let the situation take control and stress us out. When questions lead to procrastination on the individuals part. When we are waiting on someone else to do something, we are then becoming inactive ourselves. Along with this who questions lead to blame. We must first ask the questions about what we should have done to make the who go away. People are always talking about succeeding outside the box Lets work on succeeding inside the box! Lets not focus on having more people, more money or more time. How about hitting target and goals with what we have and making the most of the situation. Another syndrome is the we/they syndrome. This is where groups, departments, regions, stores or different day parts point the fingers about their issues at other people instead of taking the accountability themselves. There are always barriers out of our control must work to become so good that we can overcome those barriers. Ownership- A commitment of the head, heart and the hands to fix the problem and never affix blame! Each person on a team is different. A great team will learn to identify the strengths of each person, capitalize on them and appreciate them. Personal accountability begins with ME! Leading by example- Being what I am by acting according to my word. Believe or leave- If you are not on the boat with your whole hear t, maybe you should not be on the boat. QBQ Serenity Prayer- God grant me the serenity to accept the people that I can not change, the courage to change the one that I can and the wisdom to know i ME! *Action, even when it leads to mistakes, brings learning and gr inaction brings stagnation and atrophy. *Action leads towards solutions. Inaction holds us in the past. *Action builds confidence; inaction doubt. Humility in the cornerstone of leadership. As a leader, Im here to help the individuals on my team reach their goals and full potential. How can I help YOU?

Substance Abuse in Household

Substance Abuse in Household Families where addiction is at hand are normally painful to live in, especially when a person is young. This is why individuals who live with addiction may become traumatized to varying levels by incidences. Wide changes, from one end of the disturbing, psychological, and behavioral range to the other, all too frequently characterize the addicted family system. Every member of the family is affected by the addiction. Coping with addiction can expose family members to unusual stress. Normal schedules are frequently being interrupted by abrupt or even frightening types of experiences that are part of coping with drug abuse. Addiction in the family can result in children having trauma that seriously affect growth and can have pervasive and long-term effects on them. Individuals arrive in life only partially hardwired by nature. The environment finishes the work of nature. Therefore, if an individual encounters family members who are addicted, he/she either become traumatized or live an abnormal life. Therefore, family addiction in the family affects daily living issues causing particular emotional, interpersonal, or even clinical mental health concerns. However, according to renowned research article, there available interventions, including family therapy interventions and counseling support from experts. The interventions are modified to fit the extent of addiction in the family, and the techniques and follow-ups employed vary. Forms of addiction in the family Substance abuse is probably the most widespread form of addiction in the family that has become chronic. According to research experts, addiction has been defined a major, progressive, unrelenting disorder with genetic, psychosocial, and ecological issues, which affects its expansion and signs. It may turn out to be fatal and progressive. The symptoms of various types of addiction in the family are a spoiled urge of the substance. Along with this worry with a certain substance and its frequent use, in spite of severe costs, characterize the same. It finally results in deformations in thinking. There has to be a complete understanding of what addiction in the family is, in order to single out problems such as drug, alcohol, and sexual addiction. This is important to seek out appropriate rehabilitation programs and addiction management to get back to normal life. Addiction to drugs, alcohol or even sexual addiction in the family are procedure addictions and are linked to compulsive character like shopping, gambling, and eating disorders. Drug, alcohol and sexual addiction affect the victim, but also hurt those associated with them including their family members, relatives, friends, and co-workers. In addition, addiction to substance, drugs, and sex are closely related: reliance on any one can and normally does result in headway to the other. Under such situations, the addict is no longer in charge and needs appropriate rehabilitation and addiction treatment session. Indications of addiction in the family Some signs of various types of addiction character related to substance, drugs and sex comprise of a preoccupation with the addictive character between periods of misuse, augmented levels of abuse, a development of tolerance to alcohol or the drug in contention or a mood of dissatisfaction in the concern of sexual addiction. When the affected individual tries to stop, there are distinctive withdrawal symptoms that urge the addict to relapse to addictive behavior to shun or control these symptoms. In addition, alcohol, substance, and sexual abuse can be visible at inappropriate times while working, or when withdrawal tends to disrupt daily functioning (Henderson, 92). There is a noticeable decrease in social, work-related, and recreational involvement with the addict opting for indulgence in addictive behavior. Involvement in family matters can be disrupted by addiction in the family. Effect on Family Members According to research experts, addicted families are frequently very endangered by what they recognize to be the threatening destruction of their family. Their very position in existence is being endangered; the ground beneath them is starting to move. Denial is a dysfunctional effort to put a good look on a bad circumstance by denying the effect addiction is having on the family setting and the existence of the proverbial pink elephant in the living room who is consuming ever-increasing space amounts of room. Reality is reprinted as family members try to bend it to make it less intimidating; to conceal their ever-emerging despair. Family members normally colluded in this refutation and anyone who tries to turn the attention onto cruel reality of addiction may be alleged to be disloyal. They run in place to cope with appearances, to themselves as well as relatives, while reacting to a sense of despair frequently nipping at their steps, again, we observe the cycles between limits that so distinguish addicted family systems. Therefore, it is simple for family members to experience hopeless, unhappiness, and inability to believe that things can ever transform. The family is at times gripped by the memory of aggression, infidelities, and various humiliations, such as yelling, howling, intimidating, or the silent treatment. The family requires and needs aid, yet cannot access it alone. Certainly, erroneous beliefs about addiction to alcohol and other substances can derail any attempts to assist the addict. Feelings of guilt are maximized by others The painful experience of guilt, shame, and fear emanating from the conflict of addictive manners with the persons own values normally develops states of unbearable inner trauma that make it tougher for the addict to restrain from resorting for to the initial addiction that is the grounds of negative feelings. Others who are prospering make this worse. The situation could worse when others start to accuse the victim starting family members to the members of the society who condemn the act of substance addiction (Barnard, 72). Effects on children Most accessible data shows that a parents drinking concern normally has a detrimental impact on children. The spouse of the individual abusing substances is probable to protect the children and neglect the parenting roles of the parent abusing substances. The impact on children is worse if both are addicted to alcohols or drugs (Digman and Soan, 100). Many mature children of addicts are at risk for a variety of psychological, social, and emotional concerns. The most notable factor is a negative self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness and disappointment. Many mature children of addicts do not attribute said dilemmas, feelings, and feelings to growing up in an alcoholic family. However, commonalities consist of failure to trust, impetuous character, and problems with violence and depression (Parsons, 2003). Most of the adult children of addicts have difficulties with intimate associations. Because they have been habituated to distrust people throughout their infancy occurrences, they deem that if they are in love with someone they will unavoidably be hurt. These children of addicts find this disbelieves to extend into adulthood. Without being competent to belief in themselves, they deem that they are not competent in dealing with uncomfortable emotions and this creates long-term concerns with nurturing positive and healthy cherished relationships (Parsons, 2003). The children normally feel out of control, make unfortunate career choices, and have mind-sets of worthlessness and breakdown. Many turn out to be parental breakdowns as well. Not astonishingly, some have concerns to do with abuse of psychoactive drugs or alcoholism. Such adult children have emotions of over-responsibility (Turney, 2007). Since there was such a short of responsibility in their childhood, they consider that they have to recompense it in adulthood. Treatment and Case Management Recovery for victims There are various stages and phases of possible recovery for an addicted person. In all these, abstinence necessitates a decision by the victim, and recovery needs time and effort. Physical recovery is the least multifaceted of the four recovery phases, even though it is normally the most instant. Physical recover occurs primarily because of self-denial alone. The body has an astonishing ability to mend itself, particularly when combined with medical care. Mental recovery is more multifaceted because it encompasses not only concerns associated with brain task and brain chemistry, but with concerns of attitudes, belief settings, and lucid, abstract thought. Emotional revival is more complex so far. In engages not only attitudes, belief settings, and lucid thought, but also ideas first cousin-feelings. Emotional revival consist of learning to handle feelings openly, honestly, and sensibly. It encompasses learning to articulate and resolve feelings in suitable and effective ways. For most individuals in recovery, emotional recovery takes ages. Treatment for the victim There are two possibilities when we are examining the victims of addiction: there are the addicts themselves, who are debatably victims, and then there are the relatives, friend, and family members of that addict. The family and relatives of the addict need to support him/her in to recover or cope with stigma. Various institutions help identify and manage cases of addictions. These include drug addiction and rehabilitation services that offer services to safeguard the health and welfare of addicts who are might have been victim drug abuse. Evidence Based Treatments Evidence-based practices are classified as intercessions that have depicted reliable scientific evidence of developing preferred client outcomes. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) provide the following evidenced-based observations for substance use disorders (Miller, and Miller, M., 409). Cognitive Behavioral Interventions- this practice consist of using awareness and skill-building roles with clients Community Reinforcement- This practice consists of connecting the client with other required agencies and services in the society. Motivational Enhancement Therapy- this approach entails using inspirational interviewing strategies and interventions that are founded on a stages of change model. 12-Step Facilitation- this is a prearranged, personalized approach for introducing addicts to a 12-step program. This can result in improved meeting turnout for a longer period. Consistency Management- This practice involves behavioral contracting where addicts have chances to earn rewards for specific sought-after behaviors. Data shows that stimulant users react very well to this practice, remain in treatment longer, make quantifiable progress, and have better treatment results. Pharmacological Therapies- There is reasonable evidence that medication like Antabuse, Naltrexone, and Buprenorphine when used in combination with other therapies can assist stabilize an individuals life when their alcohol or substance use is out of hand. Systems Treatment- this refers to treating addicts in their usual social setting. Spouses therapy, family therapy, and multi-systemic family therapy are all instances of systems treatment models. There is quantifiable evidence showing that addicts whose families are engaged in the treatment procedure show enhanced outcomes. Systems treatment seems to be especially successful with young people. Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment- This treatment practice assists people revive by presenting mental health and substance abuse treatment cares jointly, in one setting. The same medical team provides a personalized treatment arrangement, which handles both mental health and substance abuse concerns. A wide choice of services if provided in a level-wise manner, as service needs change over the course of treatment. Case management There are various ways where an addict manages his/her predicament. The management also involves family members, close friends, and relatives. The following are the most common management and recovery procedures, and they are scientifically experimented. Illness Management and recovery- Wellness self-management involves a series of strategies engineered to assist addicts manage their symptoms. Psycho-education, social skills teaching, cognitive character therapy, and survival skills teaching have shown to assist consumers handle their own mental health, minimize symptoms and relapses, and reduce the adverse effects of psychiatric illness on communal and role functioning. Medication Management- The rudiments of a successful model to optimize the use of medications include: (1) a methodical evidence-based practice to medication selection and use; (2) measurement of treatment reaction and side effects; and (3) hard work to improve addict devotion to taking prescribed medicines. Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), intensive Case management (ICM) Vital features of ACT, and Intensive case management consist of the following: a little caseload, provision of services in addicts natural environment, a 24-hour care, and organization of comprehensive multi-disciplinary services through frequent treatment team gatherings. Family Psycho-education- Successful family intervention practices offer a mixture of education, analytic, crisis intervention, and support. Family psycho-education has been depicted to minimize relapse rate and facilitate revival of individuals who have mental sickness and/or co-morbid disorders. Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders- Substance use treatment that is incorporated with mental health treatment and customized for persons with mental illness is more successful than detached substance use and mental health services. Successful programs also incorporate other services such as case management, medications, shelter, vocational psychotherapy, and family intervention (Ries, et al., 372). Trauma Services- There is a rising body of evidence that timely intervention following traumatic occurrences can avoid a diversity of behavioral disorders. Successful treatment following traumatic incidents should incorporate personalized counseling taking historical relation of both current and past trauma and providing psycho-educational data about trauma occurrence. Successful treatment will encompass concurrent treatment of trauma concerns and co-morbid concerns including substance abuse when appropriate. Support groups Support groups help much in minimizing cases addictions and in cases of traumatized families, it helps to bring back the trust in the affected children and families. These groups are formed to reach out for mature survivors of addiction and help prevent recurring cases addiction. Dissociative disorder support groups help victims who have dissociative disorders for instance DID. Recommended books and journals There are various journals for traumatized victims. These help victims, parents, siblings, and families of substance addiction. In these journals, families of traumatized victims and children of addiction can find information on how to deal with the situations at hand. They can access knowledge on how to detect and probably prevent cases addiction their families. In conclusion, addiction in the family can be painful to both the victim and the people around him/her. This is more pronounced in a family where every member is traumatized by such incidences. The most members of the family are children at a younger stage, whereby they can also become victims of addiction, and later in life have unfortunate intimate relationship. Nevertheless, early diagnosis and treatment of addiction in the family helps much in minimizing the extent of addictions, and prevent possible cases recurring addictions. Treatment takes various forms and it involves not only the victims, but also the family members. The treatment can be tailored to fit individuals and extent of addictions. These treatments range from rehabilitation to mental health treatment. It also involves case management where victims can be able to manage their symptoms. Addicted persons and members of the family can also find help in support groups. In addition, they can find helpful information in b ooks and journals to enable them to manage trauma and related cases. Work cited Barnard, Marina. Drug Addiction and Families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2007. Digman, Carmel and Soan, Sue. Working With Parents: A Guide for Education Professionals. New York: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2008. Henderson, Elizabeth. Understanding Addiction. Mississippi: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2000. Lowinson, Joyce, Ruiz, Pedro and Millman, Robert. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. 4th Ed. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2005. Miller, Peter and Miller, Peter M. Evidence-Based Addiction Treatment. London: Academic Press, 2009. Parsons, T. (2003). Alcoholism and Its Effect on the Family. AllPsych Journal. Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://allpsych.com/journal/alcoholism.html. Ries, Richard, Miller, Shannon, Fiellin, David and Saitz, Richard. Principles of Addiction Medicine. 4th Ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2009. Turney, L. (2007). Children of alcoholics: Getting past the games addicted parents play. Do It Now Foundation. Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://www.doitnow.org/ pages/808.html.

Educational Philosophy :: essays research papers

My Educational Philosophy Education is the foundation of human interaction. School is where students take in knowledge that will determine what they do with the rest of their lives. Students are offered great opportunities through education. Many times these opportunities are largely affected by how the material is presented to them. As an educator one is given the opportunity to facilitate the learning of these students and affect their lives in hopes that they use this information to progress forward into the future. My goal as a teacher is to educate the future generations of America. I want to be a teacher because teaching is a unique occupation that will provide me with intrinsic rewards. I have found that the students have a large impact on how much I appreciate the art of teaching. I feel that teachers that have stable and healthy relationships with their students are the most successful. Throughout my student teaching experiences I have genuinely strived to be respectful towards all my students and each of their differing learning behaviors. All students learn at different paces, and work better with some learning styles rather than others. This does not mean that students should be left behind because an educator prefers certain learning styles over one another. A good teacher attempts to you all types of learning styles in order to reach out to all types of learners. One can do this by touching on all aspects of Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory when creating lessons. I believe that assessment in the classroom should be constant. Student should have the chance to be graded beyond the simple tests and quizzes. Presentations, class discussions and other ways that students can prove that they are comprehending the presented knowledge is important and should be noted. I am quite passionate about my content area, teaching allows me to communicate and share that knowledge with my students. Social studies cover so many areas: history, political science and the social sciences. I find each of these areas to be quite fascinating as well as lessons and skills that the students learn in these classes that they will use in the rest of their lives. The challenge and reward that comes from understanding the cognitive level of adolescent students is what makes me prefer working on the secondary level. A teacher is more that just a facilitator of knowledge. A great teacher is one that fulfills all of the following roles: educator, mentor, role model, authority figure, planner, assessor, counselor, as well as a peer.

Decorative Glasses Essay -- Art

Abstract. Glasses have been used as decorative objects in Thailand for several hundred years. Decorative glasses can generally be seen as architectural components in old styled palaces and Buddhist objects. There were various colors ranging from transparent to amber, blue, green and red with different shades among glass of different colors. Fragments of archaeological glass samples were characterized for the first time using Raman microscopy with the aim of obtaining information that would lead to identification of the glass samples by means of laser scattering. The samples were also investigated using other techniques, such as particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope operated with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. They were mostly lead-silica based glasses. The colors resulted from metal ions. The difference in chemical composition was confirmed by Raman signature spectra. Introduction Human have used glassed decorating for centuries. History of glasses as creative arts was determined partly by technical advances in glass manufacturing and decoration, and partly by human taste and fashion. Glasses, one of the oldest artificial materials known to man, those of all types differ widely according to their chemical compositions and physical properties [1]. Glass consists of a three-dimensional Si-O network that covalent bonded Si4+ atoms connect with non-covalent bonded ones (stretching or bending) and every oxygen ion connect with two tetrahedral (bridging). Modification of the glass structure is affected by decreasing the number of Si-O bridges and the connectivity of the network [2]. There are many kinds of archaeological glass found in Thailand, such as decorative glass,... ... of an archaeological glass where found in Thailand, is mostly lead-silica based glasses. Their colors resulted from metal ions. It can be suggested that the considerable content of the fluxing lead, as well as the presence of iron and copper, can be mostly observed in the samples. The presence of gold and tin was observed only in the red colored glass. Dark blue colored glass affected mainly from cobalt that influenced by copper. Dark green ones were colored principally from copper which influenced by iron. The difference in chemical compositions of the glass samples was confirmed by Raman signature spectra. Non-destructive techniques based on Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be very useful. They offer opportunities for novel applications and prospects for new directions in archaeological science research in Thailand.

Paul Gustave Dore Essay

While accompanying his father and older brother in Paris, Gustave discovered the allure of Paris and made known his intention to remain and pursue his career as an artist (Hubbard 5-8). His work is generally considered as Romanticism and he has been labeled one of the greatest illustrators of his time. His lack of formal training created both derision among art critics and a cult following among common people who could relate to his work. He possessed a grasp of what would be popular among the common folks of his time and a flair for the dramatics in his works. It could be said that the Parisian Art world did not side with him because he did not struggle or starve as most artist did and his financial success was a threat to the very core of Art (McWilliam 829-830). His was a time of great discovery, both scientific and artistic, and an industrial revolution the likes of which gave wealth to the very few. When he abandoned caricature work, he did try to redeem himself but, could not break the yoke of commercial production and its promise of wealth (Hubbard 5-8). His inability to sway his critics and peers in his birthplace and formative city (Paris) forced him to ply his wares in England and across the Atlantic to the United States. Gustave Dore became the darling of England and America, and managed to make millions during his half century of life and produced a staggering amount of sketches. At one point of his career as an illustrator, he employed forty blockcutters (WebMuseum 1). Gustave Dore dabbled in both painting and sculpture during his later years and was purported to be a violinist and tenor singer (Hubbard 5-8). The work of Gustave Dore is both loved and spurned during his lifetime but, he certainly maintained a life of wealth his father could not have made and he owed it all to his prodigious pencil. The following works by Gustave Dore, we will examine his favored subjects and themes that showed the suffering of poor people and presented these in surrounding treatment that emphasized those suffering. . Extracted from a book by Blanchard Jerrold and illustrated by Gustave Dore. The book was commissioned as a type of guide through the many streets and venues of London, in essence a Tourist Book (Spartacus. choolnet. co. uk). Instead it became a rendition of the lower class and their plight. A story in the Port Cities: Leisure, health and housing – Social conditions in the 19th-century Website cites the following: An artist’s impression of poverty For those whose imaginations could not be stirred by social commentators like Booth and Mearns, the French artist Gustave Dore (1832-1 883) visited London and produced horrific illustrations of life in the port areas that shocked public opinion. Although a commercial success, many of the critics disliked his work. The critics’ reaction Several critics were angry that Dore had appeared to focus on the poverty that existed on the waterfront, rather than on the finer aspects of life in the metropolis. He was accused by the Art Journal of ‘inventing rather than copying’. Completely missing the point, The Westminster Review complained that ‘Dore gives us sketches in which the commonest, the vulgarest external features are set down’. (PortCities London. org) Analysis of Formal Elements – One of the most fundamental elements of art is line. [Sayre 82] 1Variety and Quality of Lines Homeless people of London deadened on a bench, third quarter 19th century Figure 1 – Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore’s pencil drawing shows a clear outline of each figure with the use of a heavier line and the details using lighter lines. The implied and contour lines in the garments indicate worn use and filth. The vertical and horizontal rendering on the bench enables the viewer to perceive a seating area made of stone thereby heightening the plight of the homeless and impoverished that is depicted here. The development of each subject is made through the use of foreshortening and perspective. The foreshortening implies a reclining figure surrounded by seated figures. The perception of three dimensions is brought about through the use of reserve, or white background of the paper, on the standing baby and the face of the sleeping girl with a hat. The darker rendering of the other subjects suggest repose while the highlighted baby is awake. The cross hatching and hatching of the garments in uneven manner depicts clothing that is disheveled, worn, and filthy. Couple and Two Children Sleeping on a London Bridge Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Dore in Figure 2 now uses a more expressive line in the treatment of the subjects and dark heavy graduated in weight to specify large folds in the clothing and the edge lip of the bench, shown as details in Figure 3 and 4. A sepia wash is used to introduce as a possible element of a darkening sky dotted with white spots indicating stars. To the upper left of the figures is a depiction of crosses faintly visible implying the mast of tall ships thereby implying a port in the distance? The stone bench is still presented by straight vertical and horizontal lines but as opposed to Figure 1, it now shows details such as cracks that normally propagate in stone material. All the figures are dark and disheveled in appearance. Their clothing is depicted in an unkempt appearance and the scene shows a sense of separation from the upper class society because of the way they are lying on the bench, even though they are presented in a manner of dress inure to the upper class. My first impression was a family waiting for transportation to where I do not know after a night out on the town. Normally figures, during that century, waiting for transportation are sitting upright. Dore does not address in his drawing here the same condition as Figure 1. When I first saw this work, I chose not to look at the title and make some preconceived notion as to what was being depicted. When I noticed the implied ship mast in the background, which setup the next perception as a port, it inherently supported my theory of awaiting transportation. Alas, it was not correct and this may shed some light into Dore’s eventual illustration in Figure 5 of the same scene depicting a more impoverished set of subjects on a bench awaiting the light of day. Included as a reference to the depiction of poor vs. wealthy is Figure 6, one of just a few of the drawings the publisher thought would be prevalent in the book. Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Figure 2 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# London: A Pilgrimage, Asleep Under the Stars Figure 1 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, A Ball at the Mansion House Figure 2 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 2Spatial Strategy A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 3 Use of a frontal recession, street level linear perspective is tantamount to depicting the main figures in this almost monochromatic painting. Dore’s lines are generalized and are meant to capture immediately the scene in its moment. The central figures show a more upright and important stance than the outlying supporting subjects. Their turned bodies show an intense attention to the entrance of these key figures. The key figures wardrobe is straight and the outlying figures show crumpled clothing which may imply poverty. It is not until the illustration in Figure 7 that the sense of desperation among the non-central figures is clearly delineated. It is also in this illustration that the claustrophic effect that Dore is famous for is in full effect. The painting shows a more elevated perspective than the illustration. I have started to question Dore’s intent in the production of these illustrations. Even though his name is clearly on the lower left corner on most prints, the blockcutters name is on the lower right. This clearly implies an employer to employee relationship and does not necessarily imply apprenticeship. The distinct change from study or conceptual drawing to print supports this remark. London: A Pilgrimage, A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 3Light and Color The Charity of the fishmongers: study in a district of London, 4th quarter 19th century Figure 1– Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore produced this work five years after the release of the illustrated book London: A Pilgrimage. His rendering of color does not lend itself well to translating key formal elements. Why he chose to color the gathering of men in red is in contradiction to the clear shaft of white light shining on the fishmonger and children. The gathering of men looks to be outside due to the street pole with what may be gaslights. It is reported that Dore was color blind and was not adept at color shading (Malan 1). If it were not for the title I may have mistook this as a gathering of children at a fish market with their caretaker. Under closer scrutiny it shows the children as lacking shoes and wearing torn soiled clothing. 4Texture and Pattern London: A Pilgrimage, Houndsditch Figure 2 – http://www. f. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, Found in the Street Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Here again his lack of training shows through on the use of light, shading and shadows. His surrounding treatment is far below his work illustrating Dante’s Inferno or the Bible. Looking at Figure 10 gives th e impression that the candle is giving off more light than it is truly capable of producing. There is also an imbalance to the scene because of the light. Artistic license aside, I prefer George de la Tours rendering in Joseph the Carpenter [Sayre 175]. The Figures clearly show the impoverished condition that has befallen the subjects in the picture and shows, as if in a photograph, the dire predicament that requires immediate intervention 5Comparisons The well meaning Dore did have influences during his formative years and it came about through his beginnings as a caricature artist. Artist like Grandville was admired enough by Dore that he went to him for advice on matters concerning his art. Dore studied closely the work of the first comic strip artist Rodolphe Toepher and this may have created a caricature memory strategy that was difficult to overcome (Duncum 97, 98). Lion Devouring a Rabbit Figure 1 – Eugene DelaCroix DelaCroix’s lion bears a more realistic representation of the animal than the one Gustave Dore’s illustrated on the cover drawing (Figure 15) for the book London: A Pilgrimage. Dore’s lion seems to melt into the surrounding environment and the foreshortening of the front paw and rear paw are not in keeping with the rules of perspective. Hercules at the Crossroads Figure 2 – Albrecht Durer (Germany) circa 1498 London: A Pilgrimage, Gustave Dore Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Albrecht Durer’s treatment of the muscular human male may seem to fall within the same realm as Dore’s human male in his cover drawing but, it shows Dore’s lack of formal training in the way the back muscles are rendered. Durer studied human anatomy extensively including bone structure, which I believe Dore did not fully grasp. London: A Pilgrimage, Newgate Exercise Yard Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html There have been questions in the art world as to the influence of Dore on other artist; one in particular is Van Gogh who referred to him as the Artist of the People (Study Light Org). † Van Gogh had produced a picture called â€Å"Prison Yard† and it was presented without reference to being after a major artist and this was not acceptable. The critic clearly states the resemblance of the picture to Dore’s above in Figure 17 and describes it as â€Å"a tolerably literal rendering of an illustration by Gustave Dore. † He does continue to deride Dore with the continuing remark â€Å"It seems as if Van Gogh had discerned, as others have, an occasional article of value in the rubbish-heap of Dore’s production (R. S. 250). This is but one example of Dore’s place in the Art Critics of his time. His development of the illustrations for the book London: A Pilgrimage brought about the issues of the paupers and homeless (Smith 997-1032). Smith projects the impression of France’s workhouses as being equal to the dreadful pictures of London in Gustave Dore’s book. In conclusion Gustave Dore succeeded in presenting to the populace at hand on the issues of poverty through study sketches that were transformed into illustrations. His rendered illustrations clearly showed the large divide between the wealthy and the poor. His handsomely paid commission did not affect what he saw as blight in society. His participation in this particular commissioned work allowed him to perform a service that could not be ignored, and his focus on the plight of the paupers created a controversy that most artists during his time could afford (Grew 204). The many sketches he made for this project is not readily encompassed by this study and many scholars are still building a repertoire of research into a man who turned a commercially paid venture into a social statement, which will provide students and teachers with questions still unanswered.

Locke and Publius

John Locke and Publius Valerius Publicola both believed in the capabilities of people to reason out for themselves. This reason is rooted in a commonwealth which is the product of the people’s rationality, forming, framing and judging that commonwealth. They both value the people’s ability to judge and interpret things, and that these people are the great considerations in creating rules and laws in the society. John Locke is an English philosopher who is considered to be a British empiricist, but is an important proponent of the social contract theory (Krishnananda, 2004). This theory is the view that tells us about the people’s moral (and political) obligations depends on an agreement which is set between them in order to mold our society. The power lies in the people and that they are way above the government. The government is merely a tool of the people, such that they need the consent of these masses for them to go on with their governance. If not, it will eventually lead to a rebellion. This means that the true power lies in the hands of the people, and that the government is merely a manifestation of that power. The people are protected by the rights of life, liberty and property, and that they have full potential in exercising these rights. The government is there to supervise and see that these rights of the people are achieved, and if not, the people could choose to reinstate another government in the form of a rebellion. Locke’s perspective greatly affected the political philosophy and that he is considered to be a major proponent of the liberal theory. Being liberal means concerning yourself with the concerns of the people, thinking of their needs and welfare, like their health, housing, education their jobs, their rights and liberties. Being liberal entails that you are looking ahead and not behind, being open to new ideas without rigid or violent reactions. The people are the main cause of liberalism. They are the ones treated as being the most important. It doesn’t just battle local governance, it shows that people should be treated well, always looking forward to meet their needs. Publius is a pseudonym that was taken up by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. This is taken from the Roman consul Publius Valerius Publicola who was a proponent of the Roman Republic. Most of the writings are done by Alexander Hamilton, who wrote about 51 of the 85 Federalist papers. James Madison, who was greatly credited for the creation of the Constitution, has written about 29 of the papers. Meanwhile, John Jay, who wrote more or less 5 Federalist papers, became the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The federalist papers that they wrote were pioneering. It became proponents of the law-making body of the country and that it could be accounted as important philosophical articles. When the Constitution was being thoroughly scrutinized in the late 1787, it was directly subject to criticisms especially by the anti-federalists. Anti-federalists papers under the pseudonym â€Å"Cato† and â€Å"Brutus† has surfaced. In response to that, Hamilton began writing the federal papers to contradict the opponents of ratification. He responded by explaining the new Constitution to induce its ratification. He has written the first federalist paper wishing to satisfactory answer all the objections that seem vague or catch the attention of the people. Hamilton recruited other people to write with him, and they took the roman name Publius, from Publius Valerius Publicola, who was not only a defender of the public but actually one of those who has contributed in shaping it. He was one of the first consuls who took position after the Imperial rule and has maintained it that way. He opposed the establishment and taking position of kings. His surname actually meant â€Å"friend of the people,† that is why it really fits to be used as a pseudonym by those who fights for the rights of the people. Hamilton. The writings were generally pro-people federalism, and how it values a large following of the republic. It gives power to the national and state governments, and follows a certain central power at that. Hamilton and the others advocated this cause, which they see is fit for the United States, basically because it unites the power and governance under one head. Leadership and unity has really been a big factor in this set-up. On being liberal Both John Locke and Publius (Hamilton, Madison, and Jay) are liberals. Both of them believe in welcoming new ideas without the rigidity of reactions and that they always see through the people’s welfares. This is both their concern, making sure that they receive the appropriate attention in terms of benefits like housing, schools, rights and more. Their outlook is looking ahead, and not regretting decisions that they have made. For John Locke, liberalism is a term attached with a lot of meanings, and that you could associate a lot of things to it. Locke associated liberalism with religion, wherein he clearly defines its difference with other types of liberalism. He compared religious liberalism to free-market liberalism, in terms of the age of existence. He said that this type of liberalism is in support of religious freedom, including tolerating it and the clear delineation of the church from the state. It also gives the people freedom on how they will interpret the writings of the Scripture (Bible). This opens a new view for the people, since it is a perspective that rejects the idea of heresy, wherein you can get expelled or denied from the church, tried and burned at the stake, or be excommunicated from the society, thus greatly affecting your job and could cause loss of life and property. All of this is because if holding different or contradicting views of what is being taught in the church or by the religious authorities. Publius Valerius Publicola’s take on liberalism was manifested by the writings, which prove to be pro-people. Even though it takes into consideration the concerns of leadership and ruling the country, they still take the people as a very important factor in the interests of the country. He expresses his views and concerns regarding the people’s welfares through enacting and passing laws that enrich their rights to certain liberties. Federalism helps in securing democracy and human rights because it is given as a free choice to the public. If ever they are not satisfied in the condition of another place, say another state, he can clearly move to another. This is a clear representation of his efforts to promote liberty for the people even though he emphasizes on proper leadership and politics. Similarities and differences An evident similarity between Locke and Publius was their attachment to the people. For both of them, the people should be the center of concern and be the top priority for the leaders. Locke considers giving the people freedom and freeing them from the unjust standards and laws that has been put up before. In Locke’s time, people are wrongly tried, instantly getting death sentences when they oppose the view of church. He wishes to abolish that view and end the trials because of heresy. He wanted the people to experience freedom not only with their right to live, but to be able to express themselves. They can also choose what they want to say for and against the church since it is their point of view. But many opposed this, especially those hugging the robes of the priests and church officials of that time. On the other hand, Publius advocates the welfare of the masses with the emphasis of unifying under a single body of leadership. The surname itself is a manifestation of his attachment to the people. It means â€Å"People-Minder† or â€Å"Friend of the people† which he lives up to other’s expectations. He gave a lot of benefits to these people, thus raising their confidence on the importance of leadership, an essential ingredient of federalism which is what Publius rooting for. The federalist papers are manifestations of their attachment to the people. They have devised it in a way that they are not hurting the interests of the majority while imposing unification under one head. Publius was proponent of excellent leadership, which doesn’t undermine the ideas of the people, instead stresses on their interests. These papers where written to support the constitution, and the constitution greatly considers the welfare of the people, along with these different states. There are also obvious differences between the two. John Locke is more into the religious orientation. His ideology on liberalism was on a religious footing. It was clear that wishes to spread his ideas on religious liberalism to the people. John Locke is much more of a calmer personality, being peace loving in nature. On the other hand, Publius was more on the political orientation. He gives emphasis on what it takes to be a leader of a nation, wherein all the power lies in his hands. He is undeniably a big influence in what we have today as the successful Federal government, which is why his outlook is highly political. In one of the writings, Publius stressed his disagreement of people involving into factions. This is because it is detrimental in the interests of the federal state, and that it encourages conglomeration of people who are against something, instead of directly addressing it to the federal government. This is to avoid an imbalance in the power from the people, thus could lead into a political unrest. To prevent this, there are corresponding punishments to such same actions. This is a manifestation of his affirmation of ruling with an iron hand while embracing liberalism. Locke and Publius’ attachment to reason Locke has a clear view of reason and distinguishes it from what others perceive as faith. Faith for Locke is a settled, stable principle which emanates of an assurance and has no shadow of doubt and hesitation. Faith can only be measured if a person’s agreement is with respect to a testimony from God, a response to the words of the Creator himself. But the question of uncertainty arises here, wherein how can one be sure that the testimony comes directly from God, or really is from God. Then we should have the liberty of checking on the credibility whether or not it came from the Creator himself. Weighing it against reason, Locke then distinguishes it by saying that it (reason) is the discovery of the actuality or the sureness of such claims or truths which the mind gets by making inferences and deductions. This are usually achieved with the use of man’s natural facilities, by using his senses and reflecting on it. We have been given of a lot of ways to perceive things, including the perception of what is true, as it is related to reason. According to Locke, the reason is structured into the three degrees of knowledge, wherein it is related into making various judgments. Comparing faith and reason, the former is said to be the agreement to something that is proposed which is not through the basis of reason, but instead based on God’s authority, his most extraordinary ways. God has been a factor as to how we tackle things. Reason is based on senses and Faith is based on God’s intervention. On the other hand, Publius has no concrete attachment to the concept of reason, wherein all his accounts can be justified towards his attitude on leadership and the propagation of peace and liberty in his reign. But as we can see, there may somewhat be a connection on the concept of reason with his pursuit of not affirming the rule of a king or monarchy, thus putting the rule into a sovereign body that would unify all necessary forces under one set of laws and rules. This is a manifestation that he is concerned with reason, such that having a king signifies something devoid of reason since there is a dictator. One cannot fully get the grasp of liberty if there are those who are telling you what to do, and that is basically what the king does. So, this is a manifestation of Publius’ connection to reason. Locke on Virtue According to John Locke, we refer to the nature of our thoughts, the words we speak, and the action that we do as virtue. It is basically the center of our Absolute-Experience wherein we can attain the meaning of real happiness, the true goal of living a human life. We are veering towards self-realization, and as we go towards it, we don’t mind fearing punishment and any other forms that could discourage us from our goal. We are moving towards it since it is the true goal in life. This is how Locke grasps the concept of virtue, just like how Publius sees it. Conclusion John Locke and Publius are two different mindsets from different times. They may have different views on things, but they also have a lot of similarities. These two are truly great proponents of ideals and beliefs, and has been the reason for the establishment of various laws and regulations that are present in out society even today. Their countless contributions had been the basis of various ideologies that has spurn out of time from other great people. They are truly amongst the strong foundations of our society and their ideas prove great importance for everyone in the society today. Because of their ideas, we really owe them a lot. References: Krishnananda, S. (2004). Studies in Comparative Philosophy: John Locke.  Ã‚   Retrieved April 2, 2007, from http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/com/com_lock.html Lendering, J. (2005). Publius Valerius Publicola.  Ã‚   Retrieved April 2, 2007, from http://www.livius.org/va-vh/valerius/publicola.html      

Kafka on the Shore Essay

Commentary on Kafka On The Shore Childhood is an important part in each and every one of our lives. It has a huge impact on our character, personality and even sociability as we grow up. Some of us who come from good, stable family backgrounds would have pleasant memories from our childhood while some others who faced the cruelty of life at a young age would hate to even think of their childhood. In this excerpt from Kafka on The Shore by Haruki Murakami, the author writes about a 15-year old Kafka’s childhood. It shows the kind of relationship the boy shared with his father and his personality. I will be writing about how language is used in this excerpt to tell us about the boy and his childhood. The author uses imagery in this excerpt. For example he says ‘My sister’s looking off to one side so half her face is in shadow’. This gives a mysterious feel to the sister and tells us that she probably was a significant figure to the boy. Furthermore he writes, ‘hers a floral-print one-piece, mine a baggy old blue trunks’. The author describes the sister such that she seems better dressed and better looking than Kafka. It suggests that he looks up to his sister and thinks highly of her. It also shows the love that he has for his sister as he decides to take that picture along with him. He also mentions that he is ‘staring straight ahead, undaunted’ in the picture. He then asks himself ‘how could I have looked so happy’ referring to the same picture. By considering him to be happy in the picture; it shows the extent of unhappiness he has with his family and life at the moment. Kafka started planning for his run away from home since his junior high years. He took steps in order to prepare for it by practicing judo and training in the gym from that time itself. This shows how clear he was about his decision to run away from home. He knew exactly what he wanted to do and was very certain about it and also worked towards it. Thus Kafka is an emotionally strong person. Despite having family problems at such a young age, he did not go into depression but rather took action to fight against it. In the ninth paragraph, Kafka says that he barely talks to anyone, ‘other than the bare minimum required to get by at school-I barely talk to anyone’. This shows his preference to be in solitude. It could be due to the fact that he grew up alone with his father and didn’t spend much time with his father either. He also says that he didn’t join any school teams. This is to avoid attention from others and to keep a low-profile. His preference to have a low profile could be due to low self-esteem and a lack of confidence. The excerpt tells us that he takes an old gold lighter when he leaves home because ‘I like the design and feel of it’. This shows that he takes comfort and even reassurance in an object, which he can trust no matter what as it couldn’t hurt him emotionally. It reflects the insecurity in the boy. Kafka also says, ‘I’ve built a wall around me, never letting anybody inside and trying not to venture out myself’. This further is proof to show his preference to be left alone and by not letting anyone become close to him also the insecurity that he has. He is afraid that if he lets anyone through his wall, he would only get hurt and be let down by them. Since young he grew up alone dealing with the separation of his mother and father. This could have lead to his insecurity along with all the other hardships he went through. In conclusion, from the excerpt u can tell that Kafka is a matured 15-year old that has gone through emotional hardships due to the lack of attention from his dad and separated family. He is insecure and prefers to be left alone, like how he grew up alone without a proper family. You can also conclude that he and his father do not get along well with each other.

Online Restaurant Management System Essay

Project objectives usually describe the goals or missions of the company to provide better services to customers. The project scope is being developed to describe the function that required in a system. Whereas the project schedule is needed to state the time line for all the task and follow it in order to complete the system on time. For the project team is state out the task that do by the members. Development and operation environment is required to ensure the final system can be develop in a manner way and operate smoothly after being implemented. We discuss about the fact finding technique, system requirements, and all the UML diagrams. A complete and details requirements has to be gathered before a quality informaiton system can be produced. Hence, the process of requiremens analysis is very important. So, the fast finding techniques that we used are interview and observation. Thus, we had more understand about the restaurant workflow. Functional requiements had described the details of each modules. Requirements analysis is an important part of the system design process. Once the client’s requirements have been identified and facts collected, we are then in a position to design a solution. Class diagram is the database structure that comprised of many classes, interrelationships between classes, operations and attributes of the classes. the database dictionary was showed all the database table with attributes name, data description, data types, key, default values and so on. â€Å"Database design is an important step in software development†. Software testing is an important stage to ensure that the software is free of bugs. The purpose of testing is to ensure that the system will propose require function correctly, accurately, efficiency and effectively. 1. 2 Purpose: Nowadays, the world is getting into digital world. System was trying to build out to make people even more convenience on any aspects. INDIA TAKE AWAYS provides an online system to users to make order online. Indirectly, it involves seller (restaurant) and buyer (customer) which could bring benefits to each other and help to sustain the environment. It is a win-win situation that will bring benefit to the world. This system was bringing a convenience for customer that can make order by just press a button. 1. 3 Scope: Online Ordering Subsystem This Subsystem/module enable customer to make order through online. It will display the menu which includes meal name, image, price, and description. Customer can select the quantity and add the meal into order list. Then, customer can view all the orders in order list and send the order to our restaurant by click the confirm button. Staff enables to check the orders from check list and update the status after the meal is cooked. Delivery Subsystem This module is use when customers choose to delivery. They should fill in the delivery information such as name, contact number, delivery address, date and time. After fill in the delivery details, submit/send it to the restaurant. The staff will keep track all the delivery after the meal is cooked. Staff can view all the meal order, delivery detail, total amount, tax and charge by using this subsystem. They also can print delivery information for their reference Meal Maintenance Subsystem Admin or manager enables to maintain the meal by using this module. When chef have introduce a new meal, they can use it to add the new meal by enter the meal information. It also allows to edit meal information like meal price or image. Besides, admin can delete the meal if the meal is lower sales. Report Subsystem This module is use to generate report by admin or manager in order to make decision. The report include monthly sales report, top 5 monthly report, redemption report, feedback report, reservation report and so on. Different report has different purpose or usage. Most of this report is analyst by admin and make adjustment such like increase staff when higher sales month or do promotion when the sales is lower.

Can Data Reduce Health Inequalities Health And Social Care Essay

H.O are â€Å" the conditions in which people are born, turn, populate, work and age, including the wellness system † . What is Data? Harmonizing to Webster ‘s lexicon â€Å" Data is factual information ( as measurings or statistics ) used as a footing for concluding, treatment, or computation. † Data is chiefly of two types i.e. Qualitative and Quantitative. Qualitative information is the type of informations that is non given numerically. Hence it ‘s based on people ‘s sentiment and picks. Quantitative informations on the other manus is purely based on numerical values and is subdivided into Discrete ( specific numerical values ) and a Continuous ( any numerical value ) information. Data A ; Health Inequalities: The usage of informations records for wellness of population is nil new ; the earliest survey of a entire population was done by Halley, who, by utilizing informations for the metropolis of Breslau, Germany, for 1687 to 1691, calculated the mean life anticipation at birth. [ 2 ] However it was Aaron Antonovsky, a medical sociologist, who foremost shed visible radiation on the inequality in mortality rates in 1967, which finally lead to the usage of informations to enter wellness inequalities Surveillance of inequalities now is done extensively to supervise alteration and to mensurate the indexs of wellness inequalities among the different strata of any part. With every passing twelvemonth the usage of informations to supervise and control wellness inequalities has become more and more of import. Harmonizing to the 2007 declaration of The Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network ( MEKN ) of the WHO committee on societal determiners of wellness, â€Å" Action on the societal determiners of wellness to better overall wellness results and cut down wellness unfairnesss will be much more effectual if basic informations systems are in topographic point, nationally and internationally, and there are mechanisms to guarantee that the informations can be understood and applied to develop more effectual intercessions. † [ 3 ] The point to foreground in this declaration is that informations should be understood right and applied affectively for it to do effectual intercessions. So the inquiry is does all this collected informations can be the premier ground for alteration and cut downing wellness inequalities? The simple reply would be that natural informations itself can non convey any alteration but the determinations that are taken after treating that informations are the chief agents of alteration. Management of Datas: Datas in itself is merely a aggregation of natural Numberss or characters. The information collected has to be converted into feasible information in order for it to be utile. Here the inquiry arises what the difference is between informations and information? Beynon-Davies used the construct of a mark to separate between informations and information. Datas are symbols while information occurs when symbols are used to mention to something. [ 4 ] It is people and computing machines who collect informations and enforce forms on it. These forms are seen as information which can used to heighten cognition. [ 5 ] Thus cognition is the aggregation of information that is stored or memorized with the purpose of doing it utile. For any cognition to go utile it must be analyzed and interpreted. The procedure of understanding the cognition that we have and utilizing it to synthesise new cognition is called ‘understanding ‘ . The apprehension is converted into wisdom when we exercise our innate human nature of morality and moralss. Therefore with the aid of apprehension and the ability to judge right from incorrect the information is eventually converted into wisdom. This transition of natural informations into wisdom is called the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy. ( Fig 1 Appendix ) Another method by which information is managed is the simple informations surveillance rhythm ( Fig 2 Appendix ) . In this rhythm the collected information is analyzed and synthesized and is so organized and stored into a information base. This database so aids policy shapers to move as they deem appropriate. By the survey of informations direction it shows that the determination made at the terminal of the procedure is what determines how efficaciously information has been used and whether information has been successful in conveying about a alteration. This determination doing procedure can be influenced by ambiguity, prejudice, desire for short-cuts, resources available and shortage of attending. Any break during the informations processing rhythm can besides hold negative effects on the determination devising. Data itself has many restrictions. It depends upon truth ; if informations is non accurate it can damage a undertaking alternatively of helping it. Data should besides be complete in all respects i.e. it should supply all expected properties. The consistence of information is besides compulsory i.e. informations should be in sync across the endeavor ; sometimes informations is complete but is inaccurate and inconsistent. Data should besides be auditable i.e. it can be traced back to its beginning and can be verified for genuineness. Last, the most of import facet of informations quality is it timeliness. Datas should be fresh and up to day of the month so the steps and actions taken in response to the informations are appropriate. Examples of Data Surveillance in Curbing Health Inequalities: If we take the illustration of a developing 3rd universe state like Pakistan, so it seems as if informations can non assist cut down or alter anything. Here the inquiry arises that why should we even take the illustration of a underdeveloped state that is bound to neglect in controling inequalities? The ground for this is that Pakistan, even though being a hapless state, gets ample financess for its health care undertakings by donor administrations and other rich states. The international administrations such as WHO closely monitor the statistics of alteration in the wellness of the population of the state. So, with voluminous financess and aid from international administrations the consequence should demo an betterment in the wellness of the population, nevertheless in Pakistan ‘s instance where limited success has been achieved there has besides been failure, which proves that the regular surveillance statistics of WHO are non plenty for accomplishing success. This failure of surveillance can non be blamed wholly upon the gathered statistics but there is a complex process associated with it that plays an of import function in assisting the information be effectual. The Polio Eradication Campaign: In Pakistan the biggest illustration of the success of informations and so its subsequent failure is the national infantile paralysis obliteration thrust. Launched in 1994, 15 old ages after the planetary thrust against infantile paralysis, the infantile paralysis run started with an purpose to to the full eliminate the disease by the new century. Even after the century arrived and a decennary rolled by, Pakistan has been unable to carry through its promise of full obliteration of the disease by 2010. The run suffered from the legion alterations in authorities over clip. When it was launched, the run was fueled by a media blitz of consciousness plans and ads on Television and in newspapers. This caused the hapless, uneducated multitudes to get down accepting and swearing the authorities to let them to immunize their kids. The figure of confirmed instances of infantile paralysis based on acute flaccid palsy surveillance informations from across the state declined from 1155 instances i n 1997 to 28 in 2005 [ 6 ] – the lowest of all time recorded in one twelvemonth ( Fig 3, Appendix ) . A really sensitive nationwide describing system was built up to guarantee the sensing of all staying infantile paralysis instances. The system captures all kids aged less than 15 old ages with acute oncoming flaccid palsy, and includes subsequent research lab testing of stool specimens. [ 6 ] The success was short lived as from 2007 the figure of instances came to a standstill, but there was an addition in figure of reported instances from little territories and states where entire unsusceptibility was achieved ( Fig 4, Appendix ) . In Punjab e.g. there were no reported instances in 2007 ; nevertheless in 2008 more than 8 instances were reported. The biggest reverse to the run is due to the on-going war on panic in Pakistan. In 2008, 2009 and every bit recent as February 2010 the instances reported were all from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ) where the people are highly hapless and uneducated and the next state of N.W.F.P. Two new instances were reported in the past hebdomad both from North West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) , conveying the entire figure of instances for 2010 to ten [ 7 ] . The most recent instance had onset of palsy on 27 February and that excessively was reported in the N.W.F.P. The radical elements in these countries have started a smear run against the infantile paralysis thrust and have warned the people to maneuver clear from immunizing their kids. This includes snatch of the infantile paralysis run workers and warnings of dire effects to the people of the part. [ 8 ] The recent engagement of the National Database and Registration Authority ( NADRA ) in Pakistan to immunize kids against infantile paralysis has met with great success. The NADRA new waves were successful in publishing ID cards to far flung countries and as a consequence of the success the authorities entrusted them with the responsibly of providing vaccinums to remote countries. Equally many as 20,000 kids were vaccinated as a consequence but the NADRA squad was still unsuccessful in embarking to the N.W.F.P and FATA parts. The migration of Afghan nomads into the countries of FATA A ; N.W.F.P is another ground for failure. Poor sanitation and dirty H2O supply in the rural parts of the state can besides be the ground for the failure, as this causes diarrhea which in bend reduces the soaking up of the vaccinum in kids. [ 9 ] On top of these hurdlings the run is besides marred by corruptness including larceny of financess and vaccinums. [ 10 ] The National AIDS Plan: The national AIDS plan in Pakistan is one illustration of truth of informations and how any alteration can be hindered if the information is falsified. Pakistan ‘s Federal Ministry of Health established National AIDS Control Programme ( NACP ) in 1986-87. The state has received over 2.9 billion rupees as support. In its early phases, the programme focused on laboratory diagnosing of suspected HIV instances, but increasingly it began to switch its focal point towards HIV bar and control intercessions. The development of National Strategic Framework-one in 2001 provided strategic vision to the national response and authorities of Pakistan with support from World Bank launched an enhanced response in the signifier of Enhanced HIV and AIDS Control Programme. [ 11 ] HIV was foremost reported in Pakistan in 1987 with the aid contaminated blood transfusions. [ 12 ] The chief bearers of the virus were non resident workers chiefly working in the gulf part who were deported back to Pakis tan in the wake of their diagnosing. [ 13 ] The full fledged outbreak nevertheless occurred in 2004 among the injection drug users ( IDUs ) in distant desert town of Larkana. Between 2003 and 2004 the rate of HIV in IDUs jumped from 0.4 % to an dismaying 7.6 % . Epidemiologic surveies have shown that out of the 100, 00 IDUs life on the streets, about 21 % are infected with HIV virus. [ 11 ] These IDUs do non indulge in the drugs merely for the bang but alternatively comprise of the highly hapless and flush subdivision of the society who are idle and as a consequence become drug users to get away from their problems. Lahore is the 2nd most thickly settled metropolis in Pakistan with over 3000 IDUs of which 4 % have HIV infection. Faisalabad is the 3rd most thickly settled metropolis with over 8000 IDUs of which 13 % have HIV. The most alarming fact is that surveies have found that about 50 % these IDUs are sexually active with their married womans. To do affairs even worse bulk of the married womans of IDUs work as cocottes. [ 14 ] Another demographic involved with the spread of HIV are the female and male sex workers. There are good known whorehouses in the metropolitan metropoliss of the state with up to 100, 000 female sex workers ( FSW ) in Karachi and 75, 000 in Lahore. The authorities organic structures estimate that HIV prevalence among FSW is 0.02 % [ 11 ] which is disputed by independent organic structures who say that it is about 15 % . Research has shown that these FSW have no information about rubbers or other bar methods. Less than half the FSWs in Lahore and about a one-fourth in Karachi had used rubber with their last regular client. In Karachi, one in five sex workers can non acknowledge a rubber, and three-fourthss do non cognize that condoms prevent HIV ( in fact, one tierce have ne’er heard of AIDS. ( UNIADS Update 2005 ) The other demographics for the disease include closeted homosexual work forces and Transvestites moonlighting as sex workers which are estimated to be approximately 3 0 % of the manner of transmittal. Breast eating female parents are another demographic that constitutes about 3 % of the manner of transmittal of the virus. The fist instance of transportation of HIV via chest eating was reported in 1994 in Rawalpindi. Irrespective of all this data the most lurid fact is the disproof and use of the informations by the National AIDS control plan who have estimated that there are about 3,000 instances of HIV in Pakistan since 1986. If we compare these estimations to the astonishing 70-80, 000 instances reported by the UNAIDS, we clearly see that the authorities enterprises are a frontage. This estimation is flooring plenty to ensue in immediate action by the authorities but that is non the instance. In world the authorities is to the lowest degree interested in turn toing the issue of AIDS as a world in Pakistan. This may be due to the fact that the state is a conservative Muslim state and even now issues like HIV A ; AIDS are considered as tabu. In the uneducated and hapless rural sector the disease is still considered as a stigma even though there insecure and closeted sex pattern in these countries. The political determination devising in this issue seems to be influenced by the delicateness of t he issue. The policy shapers are besides bound by the civilization of the state and they can non openly publicize safe sex patterns as this may be unacceptable to the people and the policy shapers do non desire to be seen as excessively broad by the conservative vote population. In the visible radiation of all this the World Bank in December of 2009 refused to further fund the AIDS plan in the state. Decision: The above illustrations show that informations itself can merely make so much. Astonishing and amazing figures may drive person to believe about the job and take some sort of action but the magnitude of that action is dependent upon the apprehension, reading and finally determination of that individual. In the instance of the infantile paralysis consciousness run the above illustration shows that informations can be used to an advantage in doing public change their beliefs and accepting alteration. But on the other manus informations can be useless, even if it is difficult striking, if no action is taken upon it i.e. in the instance of the AIDS run. If the Pakistani authorities wants it can alter the attitude of people towards safe sex pattern via an consciousness run but they choose to stay deaf-and-dumb person on the issue. Policy shapers can utilize informations to their advantage by utilizing the figures and acquiring the populace to believe about the job. Similarly the populace can utilize informations to demand a alteration from the authorities. Not merely determination devising but other societal factors besides stand in the manner of a complete or any success. Purportedly, If the illustration of a 3rd universe state is deemed unequal by person so we can ever take the illustration of Britain where there are beforehand methods of informations surveillance and a immense sum of research and money is being used to control wellness inequalities but a recent authorities study showed that the rates of indexs like life anticipation for adult females and infant mortality are still unchanged. This has prompted the wellness minster Dawn Primarolo to eventually acknowledge, in stead with our statement, that â€Å" wellness inequalities are hard to alter † . Appendix: Fig 1: DIKW Hierarchy Fig 2: Surveillance Cycle Fig 3: Graph 1 ( diminution of infantile paralysis over the old ages ) Fig 4: Graph 2 ( diminution and revival of infantile paralysis in little territories of Pakistan ) Can Data Reduce Health Inequalities Health And Social Care Essay H.O are â€Å" the conditions in which people are born, turn, populate, work and age, including the wellness system † . What is Data? Harmonizing to Webster ‘s lexicon â€Å" Data is factual information ( as measurings or statistics ) used as a footing for concluding, treatment, or computation. † Data is chiefly of two types i.e. Qualitative and Quantitative. Qualitative information is the type of informations that is non given numerically. Hence it ‘s based on people ‘s sentiment and picks. Quantitative informations on the other manus is purely based on numerical values and is subdivided into Discrete ( specific numerical values ) and a Continuous ( any numerical value ) information. Data A ; Health Inequalities: The usage of informations records for wellness of population is nil new ; the earliest survey of a entire population was done by Halley, who, by utilizing informations for the metropolis of Breslau, Germany, for 1687 to 1691, calculated the mean life anticipation at birth. [ 2 ] However it was Aaron Antonovsky, a medical sociologist, who foremost shed visible radiation on the inequality in mortality rates in 1967, which finally lead to the usage of informations to enter wellness inequalities Surveillance of inequalities now is done extensively to supervise alteration and to mensurate the indexs of wellness inequalities among the different strata of any part. With every passing twelvemonth the usage of informations to supervise and control wellness inequalities has become more and more of import. Harmonizing to the 2007 declaration of The Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network ( MEKN ) of the WHO committee on societal determiners of wellness, â€Å" Action on the societal determiners of wellness to better overall wellness results and cut down wellness unfairnesss will be much more effectual if basic informations systems are in topographic point, nationally and internationally, and there are mechanisms to guarantee that the informations can be understood and applied to develop more effectual intercessions. † [ 3 ] The point to foreground in this declaration is that informations should be understood right and applied affectively for it to do effectual intercessions. So the inquiry is does all this collected informations can be the premier ground for alteration and cut downing wellness inequalities? The simple reply would be that natural informations itself can non convey any alteration but the determinations that are taken after treating that informations are the chief agents of alteration. Management of Datas: Datas in itself is merely a aggregation of natural Numberss or characters. The information collected has to be converted into feasible information in order for it to be utile. Here the inquiry arises what the difference is between informations and information? Beynon-Davies used the construct of a mark to separate between informations and information. Datas are symbols while information occurs when symbols are used to mention to something. [ 4 ] It is people and computing machines who collect informations and enforce forms on it. These forms are seen as information which can used to heighten cognition. [ 5 ] Thus cognition is the aggregation of information that is stored or memorized with the purpose of doing it utile. For any cognition to go utile it must be analyzed and interpreted. The procedure of understanding the cognition that we have and utilizing it to synthesise new cognition is called ‘understanding ‘ . The apprehension is converted into wisdom when we exercise our innate human nature of morality and moralss. Therefore with the aid of apprehension and the ability to judge right from incorrect the information is eventually converted into wisdom. This transition of natural informations into wisdom is called the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy. ( Fig 1 Appendix ) Another method by which information is managed is the simple informations surveillance rhythm ( Fig 2 Appendix ) . In this rhythm the collected information is analyzed and synthesized and is so organized and stored into a information base. This database so aids policy shapers to move as they deem appropriate. By the survey of informations direction it shows that the determination made at the terminal of the procedure is what determines how efficaciously information has been used and whether information has been successful in conveying about a alteration. This determination doing procedure can be influenced by ambiguity, prejudice, desire for short-cuts, resources available and shortage of attending. Any break during the informations processing rhythm can besides hold negative effects on the determination devising. Data itself has many restrictions. It depends upon truth ; if informations is non accurate it can damage a undertaking alternatively of helping it. Data should besides be complete in all respects i.e. it should supply all expected properties. The consistence of information is besides compulsory i.e. informations should be in sync across the endeavor ; sometimes informations is complete but is inaccurate and inconsistent. Data should besides be auditable i.e. it can be traced back to its beginning and can be verified for genuineness. Last, the most of import facet of informations quality is it timeliness. Datas should be fresh and up to day of the month so the steps and actions taken in response to the informations are appropriate. Examples of Data Surveillance in Curbing Health Inequalities: If we take the illustration of a developing 3rd universe state like Pakistan, so it seems as if informations can non assist cut down or alter anything. Here the inquiry arises that why should we even take the illustration of a underdeveloped state that is bound to neglect in controling inequalities? The ground for this is that Pakistan, even though being a hapless state, gets ample financess for its health care undertakings by donor administrations and other rich states. The international administrations such as WHO closely monitor the statistics of alteration in the wellness of the population of the state. So, with voluminous financess and aid from international administrations the consequence should demo an betterment in the wellness of the population, nevertheless in Pakistan ‘s instance where limited success has been achieved there has besides been failure, which proves that the regular surveillance statistics of WHO are non plenty for accomplishing success. This failure of surveillance can non be blamed wholly upon the gathered statistics but there is a complex process associated with it that plays an of import function in assisting the information be effectual. The Polio Eradication Campaign: In Pakistan the biggest illustration of the success of informations and so its subsequent failure is the national infantile paralysis obliteration thrust. Launched in 1994, 15 old ages after the planetary thrust against infantile paralysis, the infantile paralysis run started with an purpose to to the full eliminate the disease by the new century. Even after the century arrived and a decennary rolled by, Pakistan has been unable to carry through its promise of full obliteration of the disease by 2010. The run suffered from the legion alterations in authorities over clip. When it was launched, the run was fueled by a media blitz of consciousness plans and ads on Television and in newspapers. This caused the hapless, uneducated multitudes to get down accepting and swearing the authorities to let them to immunize their kids. The figure of confirmed instances of infantile paralysis based on acute flaccid palsy surveillance informations from across the state declined from 1155 instances i n 1997 to 28 in 2005 [ 6 ] – the lowest of all time recorded in one twelvemonth ( Fig 3, Appendix ) . A really sensitive nationwide describing system was built up to guarantee the sensing of all staying infantile paralysis instances. The system captures all kids aged less than 15 old ages with acute oncoming flaccid palsy, and includes subsequent research lab testing of stool specimens. [ 6 ] The success was short lived as from 2007 the figure of instances came to a standstill, but there was an addition in figure of reported instances from little territories and states where entire unsusceptibility was achieved ( Fig 4, Appendix ) . In Punjab e.g. there were no reported instances in 2007 ; nevertheless in 2008 more than 8 instances were reported. The biggest reverse to the run is due to the on-going war on panic in Pakistan. In 2008, 2009 and every bit recent as February 2010 the instances reported were all from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ) where the people are highly hapless and uneducated and the next state of N.W.F.P. Two new instances were reported in the past hebdomad both from North West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) , conveying the entire figure of instances for 2010 to ten [ 7 ] . The most recent instance had onset of palsy on 27 February and that excessively was reported in the N.W.F.P. The radical elements in these countries have started a smear run against the infantile paralysis thrust and have warned the people to maneuver clear from immunizing their kids. This includes snatch of the infantile paralysis run workers and warnings of dire effects to the people of the part. [ 8 ] The recent engagement of the National Database and Registration Authority ( NADRA ) in Pakistan to immunize kids against infantile paralysis has met with great success. The NADRA new waves were successful in publishing ID cards to far flung countries and as a consequence of the success the authorities entrusted them with the responsibly of providing vaccinums to remote countries. Equally many as 20,000 kids were vaccinated as a consequence but the NADRA squad was still unsuccessful in embarking to the N.W.F.P and FATA parts. The migration of Afghan nomads into the countries of FATA A ; N.W.F.P is another ground for failure. Poor sanitation and dirty H2O supply in the rural parts of the state can besides be the ground for the failure, as this causes diarrhea which in bend reduces the soaking up of the vaccinum in kids. [ 9 ] On top of these hurdlings the run is besides marred by corruptness including larceny of financess and vaccinums. [ 10 ] The National AIDS Plan: The national AIDS plan in Pakistan is one illustration of truth of informations and how any alteration can be hindered if the information is falsified. Pakistan ‘s Federal Ministry of Health established National AIDS Control Programme ( NACP ) in 1986-87. The state has received over 2.9 billion rupees as support. In its early phases, the programme focused on laboratory diagnosing of suspected HIV instances, but increasingly it began to switch its focal point towards HIV bar and control intercessions. The development of National Strategic Framework-one in 2001 provided strategic vision to the national response and authorities of Pakistan with support from World Bank launched an enhanced response in the signifier of Enhanced HIV and AIDS Control Programme. [ 11 ] HIV was foremost reported in Pakistan in 1987 with the aid contaminated blood transfusions. [ 12 ] The chief bearers of the virus were non resident workers chiefly working in the gulf part who were deported back to Pakis tan in the wake of their diagnosing. [ 13 ] The full fledged outbreak nevertheless occurred in 2004 among the injection drug users ( IDUs ) in distant desert town of Larkana. Between 2003 and 2004 the rate of HIV in IDUs jumped from 0.4 % to an dismaying 7.6 % . Epidemiologic surveies have shown that out of the 100, 00 IDUs life on the streets, about 21 % are infected with HIV virus. [ 11 ] These IDUs do non indulge in the drugs merely for the bang but alternatively comprise of the highly hapless and flush subdivision of the society who are idle and as a consequence become drug users to get away from their problems. Lahore is the 2nd most thickly settled metropolis in Pakistan with over 3000 IDUs of which 4 % have HIV infection. Faisalabad is the 3rd most thickly settled metropolis with over 8000 IDUs of which 13 % have HIV. The most alarming fact is that surveies have found that about 50 % these IDUs are sexually active with their married womans. To do affairs even worse bulk of the married womans of IDUs work as cocottes. [ 14 ] Another demographic involved with the spread of HIV are the female and male sex workers. There are good known whorehouses in the metropolitan metropoliss of the state with up to 100, 000 female sex workers ( FSW ) in Karachi and 75, 000 in Lahore. The authorities organic structures estimate that HIV prevalence among FSW is 0.02 % [ 11 ] which is disputed by independent organic structures who say that it is about 15 % . Research has shown that these FSW have no information about rubbers or other bar methods. Less than half the FSWs in Lahore and about a one-fourth in Karachi had used rubber with their last regular client. In Karachi, one in five sex workers can non acknowledge a rubber, and three-fourthss do non cognize that condoms prevent HIV ( in fact, one tierce have ne’er heard of AIDS. ( UNIADS Update 2005 ) The other demographics for the disease include closeted homosexual work forces and Transvestites moonlighting as sex workers which are estimated to be approximately 3 0 % of the manner of transmittal. Breast eating female parents are another demographic that constitutes about 3 % of the manner of transmittal of the virus. The fist instance of transportation of HIV via chest eating was reported in 1994 in Rawalpindi. Irrespective of all this data the most lurid fact is the disproof and use of the informations by the National AIDS control plan who have estimated that there are about 3,000 instances of HIV in Pakistan since 1986. If we compare these estimations to the astonishing 70-80, 000 instances reported by the UNAIDS, we clearly see that the authorities enterprises are a frontage. This estimation is flooring plenty to ensue in immediate action by the authorities but that is non the instance. In world the authorities is to the lowest degree interested in turn toing the issue of AIDS as a world in Pakistan. This may be due to the fact that the state is a conservative Muslim state and even now issues like HIV A ; AIDS are considered as tabu. In the uneducated and hapless rural sector the disease is still considered as a stigma even though there insecure and closeted sex pattern in these countries. The political determination devising in this issue seems to be influenced by the delicateness of t he issue. The policy shapers are besides bound by the civilization of the state and they can non openly publicize safe sex patterns as this may be unacceptable to the people and the policy shapers do non desire to be seen as excessively broad by the conservative vote population. In the visible radiation of all this the World Bank in December of 2009 refused to further fund the AIDS plan in the state. Decision: The above illustrations show that informations itself can merely make so much. Astonishing and amazing figures may drive person to believe about the job and take some sort of action but the magnitude of that action is dependent upon the apprehension, reading and finally determination of that individual. In the instance of the infantile paralysis consciousness run the above illustration shows that informations can be used to an advantage in doing public change their beliefs and accepting alteration. But on the other manus informations can be useless, even if it is difficult striking, if no action is taken upon it i.e. in the instance of the AIDS run. If the Pakistani authorities wants it can alter the attitude of people towards safe sex pattern via an consciousness run but they choose to stay deaf-and-dumb person on the issue. Policy shapers can utilize informations to their advantage by utilizing the figures and acquiring the populace to believe about the job. Similarly the populace can utilize informations to demand a alteration from the authorities. Not merely determination devising but other societal factors besides stand in the manner of a complete or any success. Purportedly, If the illustration of a 3rd universe state is deemed unequal by person so we can ever take the illustration of Britain where there are beforehand methods of informations surveillance and a immense sum of research and money is being used to control wellness inequalities but a recent authorities study showed that the rates of indexs like life anticipation for adult females and infant mortality are still unchanged. This has prompted the wellness minster Dawn Primarolo to eventually acknowledge, in stead with our statement, that â€Å" wellness inequalities are hard to alter † . Appendix: Fig 1: DIKW Hierarchy Fig 2: Surveillance Cycle Fig 3: Graph 1 ( diminution of infantile paralysis over the old ages ) Fig 4: Graph 2 ( diminution and revival of infantile paralysis in little territories of Pakistan )